О’Коннелл, Даниел

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Дэ́ниэл О’Ко́ннелл (англ. Daniel O'Connell, ирл. Dónal Ó Conaill; 6 августа 1775, Кэрсивин, графство Керри, Королевство Ирландия — 15 мая 1847, Генуя, Королевство Сардиния), известный в Ирландии как «Освободитель», The Liberator[1] или «Эмансипатор», The Emancipator,[2] — ирландский политический деятель первой половины XIX века. Выступал активным сторонником Католической эмапсипации — права католиков быть избранными в Вестминстерский парламент, которого они не имели в течение более чем столетия, а также отмены Акта об унии Великобритании и Ирландии 1800 года.

Молодость

Родился в католической семье, некогда богатой, но затём лишённой земель. При покровительстве своего богатого холостого дяди Мориса О’Коннела поступил учиться в en:Douai во Франции, в 1794 г. был принят в en:Lincoln's Inn, а через два года перешёл в en:King's Inns в Дублине, где изучал право. 19 мая 1798 г. получил звание барристера. Он отправился в Манстер, где почти десятилетие вёл тихую частную жизнь, не участвуя в политике, и даже выступил с осуждением восстания Роберта Эммета в 1803 г., о котором он писал: «Человек, способный хладнокровно подготовить такое массовое кровопролитие, столько убийств и столько ужасов разного рода, не может быть объектом сочувствия».[3]

Кампания за Католическую эмансипацию

O’Connell returned to politics in the 1810s. In 1811, he established the Catholic Board, which campaigned for only Catholic Emancipation, that is, the opportunity for Irish Catholics to become Members of Parliament. In 1823, he set up the Catholic Association which embraced other aims to better Irish Catholics, such as: electoral reform, reform of the Church of Ireland, tenants' rights, and economic development.[4] The Association was funded by membership dues of one penny per month, a minimal amount designed to attract Catholic peasants. The subscription was highly successful, and the Association raised a large sum of money in its first year. The money was used to campaign for Catholic Emancipation, specifically funding pro-emancipation Members of Parliament (MPs) standing for the British House of Commons.

Statue of Daniel O’Connell outside St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne

In 1815 a serious event in his life occurred. Дублинская корпорация (название Дублинской мэрии в 17 - начале 20 вв.) имела репутацию антикатолической, в ней преобладали богатые протестанты. О’Коннелл в своей речи 1815 г. обозвал Дублинскую корпорацию ("Корпо") as a «beggarly corporation». Its members and leaders were outraged and because O’Connell would not apologize, one of their number, the noted duellist John D’Esterre, challenged him. The duel had filled Dublin Castle (from where the British Government administered Ireland) with tense excitement at the prospect that O’Connell would be killed. They regarded O’Connell as "worse than a public nuisance, " and would have welcomed any prospect of seeing him removed at this time.[5] O’Connell met D’Esterre and mortally wounded him (he was shot in the hip, the bullet then lodging in his stomach), in a duel at Oughterard, County Kildare. His conscience was bitterly sore by the fact that, not only had he killed a man, but he had left his family almost destitute. O’Connell offered to «share his income» with D’Esterre’s widow, but she declined; however, she consented to accept an allowance for her daughter, which O’Connell regularly paid for more than thirty years until his death. The memory of the duel haunted him for the remainder of his life.[5]

As part of his campaign for Catholic Emancipation, O’Connell created the Catholic Association in 1823; this organization acted as a pressure group against the British government so as to achieve Emancipation. The Catholic Rent, which was established in 1824 by O’Connell and the Catholic Church raised funds from which O’Connell was able to help finance the Catholic Association in its push for emancipation. O’Connell stood in a by-election to the British House of Commons in 1828 for County Clare for a seat vacated by William Vesey Fitzgerald, another supporter of the Catholic Association. After O’Connell won election, he was unable to take his seat as Members of Parliament had to take the Oath of Supremacy, which was incompatible with Catholicism. The Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington, and the Home Secretary, Sir Robert Peel, even though they opposed Catholic participation in Parliament, saw that denying O’Connell his seat would cause outrage and could lead to another rebellion or uprising in Ireland, which was about 85 % Catholic.[6]

Peel and Wellington managed to convince George IV that Catholic emancipation and the right of Catholics and Presbyterians and members of all Christian faiths other than the established Church of Ireland to sit in Parliament needed to be established; with the help of the Whigs, it became law in 1829. However, the Emancipation Act was not made retrospective, meaning that O’Connell had either to seek re-election or to attempt to take the oath of supremacy. When O’Connell attempted to take his seat without taking the oath of supremacy, Solicitor-General Nicholas Conyngham Tindal moved that his seat be declared vacant and another election ordered; O’Connell was elected unopposed on 30 July 1829.[7] He took his seat when Parliament resumed in February 1830; as such he was denied the achievement of being the first Roman Catholic to take advantage of the Emancipation Act and sit in Parliament.[8]

Ironically, considering O’Connell’s dedication to peaceful methods of political agitation, his greatest political achievement ushered in a period of violence in Ireland. There was an obligation for those working the land to support the established Church (i.e., the Church of Ireland) by payments known as tithes. The fact that the vast majority of those working the land were Catholic tenant farmers, supporting a minority religion, had been causing tension for some time.[9] An initially peaceful campaign of non-payment turned violent in 1831 when the newly founded Irish Constabulary were used to seize property in lieu of payment resulting in the Tithe War of 1831-36. Although opposed to the use of force, O’Connell successfully defended participants in the battle of Carrickshock and all the defendants were acquitted. Nonetheless O’Connell rejected Sharman Crawford’s call for the complete abolition of tithes in 1838, as he felt he could not embarrass the Whigs (the Lichfield house compact secured an alliance between Whigs, radicals and Irish MPs in 1835).[9] In 1841, Daniel O’Connell became the first Roman Catholic Lord Mayor of Dublin since the reign of King James II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland, who was the last Roman Catholic monarch in the U.K.[10]

Кампания за роспуск британо-ирландской унии

Памятник О’Коннеллу в Дублине

Once Catholic Emancipation was achieved, O’Connell campaigned for Repeal of the Act of Union, which in 1801 had merged the Parliaments of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In order to campaign for Repeal, O’Connell set up the Repeal Association. He argued for the re-creation of an independent Kingdom of Ireland to govern itself, with Queen Victoria as the Queen of Ireland.

To push for this, he held a series of «Monster Meetings» throughout much of Ireland outside the Protestant and Unionist-dominated province of Ulster. They were so called because each was attended by around 100,000 people. These rallies concerned the British Government and then-Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, banned one such proposed monster meeting at Clontarf, County Dublin, just outside Dublin City. This move was made after the biggest monster meeting was held at Tara.

Tara held great significance to the Irish population as it was the historic seat of the High Kings of Ireland. Clontarf was symbolic because of its association with the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, when the Irish King Brian Boru broke Viking power in Ireland. Despite appeals from his supporters, O’Connell refused to defy the authorities and he called off the meeting, as he was unwilling to risk bloodshed,[10] and had no others. He was arrested, charged with conspiracy, and sentenced to a year’s imprisonment and a fine of £2,000, although he was released after three months by the British House of Lords. Having deprived himself of his most potent weapon, the monster meeting, O’Connell, his health failing, had no plan for future action, and dissension broke out in the Repeal Association.[10]

Смерть и наследие

Круглая башня на могиле О’Коннелла на кладбище Гласневин

О’Коннелл умер от размягчения мозга в 1847 г. в Генуе (Италия), где он находился, совершая паломничество в Рим, в возрасте 71 года. На его здоровье серьёзно сказалось пребывание в тюрьме. Согласно его завещанию, сердце его было похоронено в Риме, а тело — на кладбище Гласневин в Дублине под круглой башней. Позднее там же похоронены его сыновья.

Семья

In 1802 O’Connell married his third cousin, Mary O’Connell. They had four daughters (three surviving), Ellen (b. 1805), Catherine (1808), Elizabeth (1810), and Rickard (1815) and four sons. The sons—Maurice (1803), Timothy James (1804), John (1810), and Daniel (1816)—all sat in Parliament.

Политические убеждения и программа

Хотя родным языком О’Коннелла был ирландский, он пропагандировал распространение английского языка среди ирландцев с целью повышения их культуры. Хотя наиболее важным его достижением является кампания за католическую эмансипацию, он также выступал за права ирландских евреев. По его настоянию в 1846 г. был отменён британский закон «De Judaismo», предписывающий ношение евреями специальной одежды. О’Коннелл говорил: «Ирландия… это единственная известная мне страна, не запятнавшая себя ни единым актом преследования евреев».[11]

Литература

  • King Dan the Rise of Daniel O’Connell 1775—1829, Patrick Geoghegan, Gill and Macmillan, 2008.
  • John Mitchel, A Cause Too Many, Aidan Hegarty, Camlane Press.
  • Thomas Davis, The Thinker and Teacher, Arthur Griffith, M.H. Gill & Son, 1922.
  • Daniel O’Connell: The Irish Liberator, Dennis Gwynn, Hutchinson & Co, Ltd.
  • O’Connell, Davis and the Collages Bill, Dennis Gwynn, Cork University Press 1948.
  • Labour in Ireland, James Connolly, Fleet Street 1910.
  • The Re-Conquest of Ireland, James Connolly, Fleet Street 1915.
  • John Mitchel: Noted Irish Lives, Louis J. Walsh, The Talbot Press Ltd., 1934.
  • Life of John Martin, P. A. Sillard, James Duffy & Co., Ltd 1901.
  • Ireland Her Own, T. A. Jackson, Lawrence & Wishart Ltd 1976.
  • Life and Times of Daniel O’Connell, T. C. Luby, Cameron & Ferguson.
  • Paddy’s Lament: Ireland 1846—1847, Prelude to Hatred, Thomas Gallagher, Poolbeg 1994.
  • The Great Shame, Thomas Keneally, Anchor Books 1999.
  • Envoi, Taking Leave of Roy Foster, by Brendan Clifford and Julianne Herlihy, Aubane Historical Society, Cork.
  • In Search of Ireland’s Heroes, Carmel McCaffrey. Ivan R Dee Publisher
  • Fergus O’Ferrall, Daniel O’Connell (Gill’s Irish Lives Series), Gill & MacMillan, Dublin, 1981.
  • Seán Ó Faoláin, King of the Beggars: A Life of Daniel O’Connell, 1938.
  • Maurice R. O’Connell, The Correspondence of Daniel O’Connell (8 Vols), Dublin, 1972—1980.
  • Oliver MacDonagh, O’Connell: The Life of Daniel O’Connell 1775—1847 1991.
  • J. O’Connell, ed., The Life and Speeches of Daniel O’Connell (2 Vols), Dublin, 1846.
  • Sister Mary Francis Cusask, Life of Daniel O’Connell, the Liberator: His Times — Political, Social, and Religious. New York: D. & J. Sadlier & Co. 1872.

Примечания

  1. ↑ [1] O’Connell at Irish-Society.
  2. ↑ A Short History of Ireland
  3. ↑ O’Connell Correspondence, Vol I, Letter No. 97
  4. ↑ Great Britain and the Irish Question 1798—1922, Paul Adelmann and Robert Pearce, Hodder Murray, London, ISBN 0 340 88901 2.pg 33
  5. ↑ 1 2 Dennis Gywnn, Daniel O’Connell The Irish Liberator, Hutchinson & Co. Ltd pg 71 pp 138—145
  6. ↑ Oliver MacDonagh, The Life of Daniel O’Connell 1991
  7. ↑ History of Parliament 1820—1832 vol VI pp. 535-6.
  8. ↑ History of Parliament 1820—1832 vol I p. 253.
  9. ↑ 1 2 Stewart, Jay Brown. The National Churches of England, Ireland and Scotland, 1801–46. — Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2001. — P. 20–45. — ISBN 0199242356.
  10. ↑ 1 2 3 Ошибка в сносках?: Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок boy не указан текст
  11. ↑ Jewish Ireland

Ссылки

  • [2] Daniel O’Connell and Newfoundland
  • [3] Catholic Encyclopedia Article
  • [4] O’Connell’s 1836 'Equal Justice for Ireland' speech in the House of Commons
  • [5] Article in 1911 Online Encyclopedia
  • [6] Cork Multitext Project article on O’Connell with extensive image gallery
Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=О’Коннелл,_Даниел&oldid=27242130