Safeyoka language
| Safeyoka | |
|---|---|
| Ampale | |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Morobe Province |
Native speakers | (2,390 cited 1980 census)[1] |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | apz |
| Glottolog | safe1240 |
Safeyoka, or Ampale, is an Angan language of Papua New Guinea. Other names of this language include Ambari, Ampeeli, Ampeeli-Wojokeso, and Ampele.[2] According to a 1980 census, there were around 2,390 native speakers.[2] Commonly known as Ampale, the dialect is called Wojokeso. Speakers of Ampale range from the Waffa River to the Banir River, which is located in the northern part of Papua New Guinea.[3] The Wojokeso dialect is spoken by people who live in five villages where multiple districts, the Kaiapit, Mumeng and Menyama come together in the Morobe Province.[4]
Phonology[edit]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labial | plain | labial | plain | labial | |||
| Plosive | p | t | tɕ | tɕʷ | k | kʷ | ʔ | |
| Fricative | f | s | ɕ | ɕʷ | h | hʷ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | |||
| Approximant | w | r | j | ɥ | ||||
- /p t k/ are voiced /b d g/ following homorganic nasals.
- /f/ is voiced [v~β] intervocalically.
- The sequences /hm hn/ are realized as [m̥ n̥].
- /h/ is in free variation with [x], and can optionally be pronounced [ɣ] intervocalically.
- /r/ manifests as [ɺ] utterance-initially.
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| Mid | e | ʌ |
| Low | æ | ɑ |
- /i/ and /u/ are both reduced to [ɨ] when unstressed.
Safeyoka is also tonal, distinguishing between high and low tone.[5]
Grammar[edit]
Subject Personal Pronouns[edit]
In the term stem of Ampale outlines, the object person affixes are included in them. Class 2 verb roots, /put/ and /kill/, they occur immediately following the root. Other verb roots immediately come before the root.[3] Object person affixes include:
| Singualr | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | nɨ- | e- | naa-/ne- |
| 2nd Person | kɨ- | ze- | ze- |
| 3rd Person | u- | u- | u- |
Sentence Structure[edit]
The Ampale language classifies with the Wojokeso dialect of the Angan language stock.[6] According to B.A Hooley and K.A. McElhanon, the language is referred to as the "Languages of the Morobe District - New Guinea". The sentence types of the Wojokeso are pattern types. On non-final verbs, the Wojokeso links clauses together by the means of affixes or clitics.[6]
Simple[edit]
The simple sentence formula is "+ Base: General Clause/Elliptical Clause + Terminal: Final Intonation." The sentence is explained by a single base and final intonation. In other words, the single base is expounded by the general clause. Single base moods include: Indicative, Interrogative, Dubitative, Information interrogative, Avolitional, and Exclamatory.[6]
| Single Bases | Example |
|---|---|
| General Clause 1 = Indicative | Indicative Hofɨko they pmmalofo-foho came 'They came' |
Negative Indicative mmalofo'maho come 'They didn't come.' | |
| General Clause 2 = Interrogative | Interrogative Nto already pmmalofotaho came 'Did they already come?' |
Negative Interrogative Mapɨ'njitaho NEG-come' 'Didn't they come?' | |
| General Clause 3 = Dubitative | Dubitative Pmmalofotɨkeno come-they 'Maybe they came' |
Negative Dubitative Mapɨ'njitɨkeno come-maybe 'Maybe they didn't come' | |
| General Clause 4 = Information Interrogative | Information Interrogative Tɨhwo who pmmalofoto came 'Who came?' |
Negative Information Interrogative Tɨhwo who mapɨ'njito NEG-came 'Who didn't come?' | |
| General Clause 5 = Avolitional | Avolitional Pɨfɨtnnoho come-they 'It's not good that they come.' Poyo dead imo'ntnnoho become-you 'It's not good that you die.' |
| General Clause 6 = Exclamatory | Exclamatory Yahufohi pig 'It's a pig!' Peho'no why pohinopu come-you 'Shame on you for coming!' |
| [6] | |
Series[edit]
The series sentence indicates multiple actions a person does. There is no grammatical distinction between temporal succession and temporal overlap. Usually used to explain actions which are performed by a dual or plural subject. However, actions with this partial change in subject may also be classified as a sequence sentence.[4]
Sequence[edit]
The sequence sentence indicates an order of actions being completed by a subject, where base 1 differs from base 2. The action of the first base is usually completed before the action of the second base even begins. The deep structure of this sentence type is that it is purely based on succession.[4]
Example:
"Sɨkuno nomeHONƗNGKI sukwo'miyomo hofantiso toho nelofAHONƗNGKI"
This translates into "Darkness came and night mosquitoes bit us". This expresses temporal succession.[4]
Tense[edit]
| Future | ||
|---|---|---|
| Wojokeso | English | |
| Subjective | y-ontɨfitnne | They would, they will do |
| Unrealized Subjective | y-ontɨtinnesohilo | Would have done |
| Near Future | u-y-on ɨtfeho | They will do |
| Hortative-Imperative | u-y-ɨfe | Let them do it |
| [4] | ||
| Non-Future | ||
|---|---|---|
| Wojokeso | English | |
| Present Incomplete | y-alowofo | They are doing it |
| Present Complete | y-ohofo | They did it |
| Narrative Past | humi-y-ohofi | They did it |
| Near Past | i-malofo | They did it |
| Far Past | i-mentohofo | They did it a long time ago |
| Habitual Past | i-motofo | They used to do it regularly |
| [4] | ||
References[edit]
- ^ Safeyoka at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b "Safeyoka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
- ^ a b c Franklin, Karl J. (Karl James) (1973). The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 0858831007. OCLC 1288732.
- ^ a b c d e f Angan languages are different : four phonologies. Healey, Phyllis M. Huntington Beach, Calif.: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1981. ISBN 088312212X. OCLC 8619473.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b c West, Idi (1992). Ampeeli Organised Phonology Data. SIL International.
- ^ a b c d West, Dorothy. (1973). Wojokeso : sentence, paragraph, and discourse analysis. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. ISBN 0858830892. OCLC 1220916.