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Версия от 11:56, 30 июля 2010
Not to be confused with Rapeseed oil. Шаблон:Expert-subject
Grape seed oil (also called grapeseed oil or grape oil) is a vegetable oil pressed from the seeds of various varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes, an abundant by-product of winemaking.
Uses
Cooking
Grape seed oil has a high smoke point of approximately 216 °C (421 °F), so it can be safely used to cook at high temperatures, such as stir-frying, sautéing and deep-frying. Due to its clean, light taste, it is often used as an ingredient in salad dressings and mayonnaise and as a base for oil infusions of garlic, rosemary, or other herbs or spices.
The metabolic energy density of grape seed oil is typical of vegetable oils: approximately Шаблон:Convert/kJ per 100 g, or Шаблон:Convert/kJ per 15 ml tablespoon. However, because less oil is needed for cooking, it can be used within a low-fat diet especially when combined with good frying techniques (such as using enough oil, not overcrowding the pan, and having the oil at the correct temperature) which reduces the amount of absorbed oil.Ошибка: некорректно задана дата установки (исправьте через подстановку шаблона)
Cosmetics
Grape seed oil is a preferred cosmetic ingredient for control of skin moisturization. A light, thin oil, grape seed oil leaves a glossy film over the skin when used as a carrier oil for essential oils in aromatherapy. It contains more linoleic acid than many other carrier oils. Grape seed oil is also used as a lubricant for face shaving.
Potential medicinal benefits
A University of Maryland Medical Center review summarises the health benefits of grape seed extract, and its potential use in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, edema, high cholesterol, hypertension and cancer.[1] Grape seeds contain several antioxidants, including oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes, which show some health benefits.[2] In particular, sufficiently high amounts of resveratrol occur that it can be extracted commercially.[3]
It is important to note that these antioxidants are not present in significant amounts in the cold-pressed grape seed oil itself,[4] since proanthocyanidins are insoluble in lipids. They are present in much higher concentrations in other parts of the grape, such as grape seed extract, grape skins, and in particular red wine, which has received much research attention since resveratrol was first touted in the 1990s as an explanation for the French Paradox.[5]
There may however be health benefits from the oil itself. A 1993 study supports the claim that grape seed oil increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C or "good cholesterol") levels and reduces LDL levels.[6]
Composition
The following table lists a typical fatty acid composition of grape seed oil:[7]
| Acid | Type | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Linoleic acid | ω−6 unsaturated | 72% |
| Oleic acid | ω−9 unsaturated | 16% |
| Palmitic acid (Hexadecanoic acid) |
Saturated | 7% |
| Stearic acid (Octadecanoic acid) |
Saturated | 4% |
| Alpha-linolenic acid | ω−3 unsaturated | less than 1% |
| Palmitoleic acid (9-Hexadecenoic acid) |
ω−7 unsaturated | less than 1% |
Grape seed oil also contains 0.8 to 1.5% unsaponifiables rich in phenols (tocopherols) and steroids (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol).[8] Grapeseed oil contains small amounts of Vitamin E, but not as much as safflower oil, cottonseed oil or rice bran oil.[9]
See also
References
- ↑ Grape Seed. University of Maryland Medical Center. Дата обращения: 27 июня 2010.
- ↑ Joshi, SS (2001). "The cellular and molecular basis of health benefits of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract". Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2 (2): 187—200. doi:10.2174/1389201013378725. PMID 11480422.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=требует|url=(справка); Неизвестный параметр|coauthors=игнорируется (|author=предлагается) (справка) - ↑ Yilmaz, Y (2006). "Oxygen radical absorbance capacities of grape/wine industry byproducts and effect of solvent type on extraction of grape seed polyphenols". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 19 (1): 41—48. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2004.10.009.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=требует|url=(справка); Неизвестный параметр|coauthors=игнорируется (|author=предлагается) (справка); Неизвестный параметр|month=игнорируется (справка) - ↑ Nakamura, Y (2003). "Analysis of proanthocyanidins in grape seed extracts, health foods and grape seed oils". Journal of Health Science. 49 (1): 45—54. doi:10.1248/jhs.49.45.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=требует|url=(справка); Неизвестный параметр|coauthors=игнорируется (|author=предлагается) (справка) - ↑ Kopp, P (1998). "Resveratrol, a phytoestrogen found in red wine. A possible explanation for the conundrum of the 'French paradox'?". Eur J Endocrinol. 138 (6): 619. PMID 9678525.
{{cite journal}}: Неизвестный параметр|month=игнорируется (справка) - ↑ Nash, DT (2004). "Cardiovascular risk beyond LDL-C levels: Other lipids are performers in cholesterol story". Postgraduate Medicine. 116 (3): 11—5. PMID 15460086.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=требует|url=(справка) - ↑ Kamel, B. S. (1985). "Characteristics and composition of melon and grape seed oils and cakes". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 62 (5): 881—883. doi:10.1007/BF02541750.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=требует|url=(справка); Неизвестный параметр|coauthors=игнорируется (|author=предлагается) (справка) - ↑ Oomah, B. D. (1998). "Microwave Heating of Grapeseed: Effect on Oil Quality". J. Agric. Food Chem.,. 46 (10): 4017—4021. doi:10.1021/jf980412f.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=требует|url=(справка); Неизвестный параметр|coauthors=игнорируется (|author=предлагается) (справка)Википедия:Обслуживание CS1 (лишняя пунктуация) (ссылка) - ↑ Herting, D. C. (1963). "Vitamin E Content of Vegetable Oils and Fats". J. Nutr. 81: 4017—4021.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=требует|url=(справка); Неизвестный параметр|coauthors=игнорируется (|author=предлагается) (справка); Неизвестный параметр|pubmed=игнорируется (справка)