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Описание
English: Hypothetical phylogenetic tree of camels, starting from the Protylopus genus.
Español: Árbol filogenético hipotético de los camellos, empezando con el género Protylopus.
Дата
Источник Собственная работа, using this phylogenetic tree (copyright expired) as the main reference
Автор Persia Salehi (Prof. Squirrel)
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Это diagram было создано с помощью Adobe Illustrator

Alternate phylogenies

Phylogenies usually have some debate around them. ✓ means the relationship with the previous genus matches; ✗ means it doesn't. Strikeout text means one of the phylogenies (either mine or theirs) makes no mention of that particular genus, so it's skipped over in evaluations. Sister relationships are ignored, since it's way too hard to graph those using the {{clade}} template.

Here's another (and more detailed) camel phylogeny.

Paratylopus––––––
––––––✓Oxydactylus––––––
✓Aepycamelus1

 



––––––Eotylopus––––––
✗Poebrotherium––––––
✓Protomeryx––––––
––––––✗Pliauchenia––––––
Llamas

 



––––––Protolabis––––––
✓Procamelus––––––
✗Camelops

 


––––––Giganto––––––
✗Camelus

 








––––––✗Stenomylus––––––
Rakonylus

 




1 Formerly Alticamelus

And another...

Protylopus––––––
––––––✓Paratylopus––––––
✓Oxydactylus––––––
✗Giraffe

 




––––––✓Poebrotherium––––––
✓Stenomylus

 


––––––Protolabis [mine: Protomeryx]––––––
✓Procamelus––––––
––––––Paracamelus

 


––––––Pliauchenia
––––––✓Camelus––––––
Auchenia––––––
✗Camelops

 









And here's a third one (though this one is less detailed).

Poebrotherium––––––
✓Stenomylus

 


✓Protomeryx

 


––––––✗Paratylopus
––––––✓Oxydactylus
––––––✓Aepycamelus

 





References justifying the placement of genera in their epochs

Protylopus in the middle Eocene

  • Paleobology database has, on the page for Protylopus, "Distribution: Eocene of United States"[1]
  • "Protylopus is an extinct genus of camel, lived during middle to late Eocene some 45-40 million years ago in North America."[2]
  • "Protylopus was relatively abundant in the middle Eocene of California."[3]

Paratylopus in the Eocene and Oligocene

  • Paleobology database has, on the page for Paratylopus, "Distribution: Arikareean of the United States...Oligocene of the United States...Eocene of the United States"[4]
  • [To justify merging Paratylopus and Gomphotherium]: "Paratylopus (Gomphotherium) sternbergi"[5]

Poebrotherium in the Oligocene

  • A diagram shows Poebrotherium in Oligocene[6]
  • A diagram shows Poebrotherium in middle Oligocene[7]
  • "The osteology of the skull of Poëbrotherium has been given...the specimen, a nearly complete skull, jaws, and atlas, found near Harrison, Nebraska, comes from the Oligocene."[8]

Oxydactylus in the [Lower] Miocene

  • "Oxydactylus from Miocene North America had long legs and a long neck."[9]
  • Title of a journal article is "Two new species of Oxydactylus from the middle Miocene Rosebud Formation in western South Dakota"[10]
  • "During the deposition of the upper and Lower Harrison beds of Lower Miocene age there were probably no more abundant or varied groups of vertebrates in that region than the camels...To these will be added two more species of Oxydactulys' and one of Protomeryx..."[11]
  • "The antelope-camel Oxydactylus and the giraffe-camel Aepycamelus, both common in the middle and late Miocene savannas of North America..."[12]

Protomeryx in the Lower Miocene

  • "A genus of fossil camels of the family Camelidæ, named by Leidy in 1856 from remains of Miocene age of North America."[13]
  • "Of these grazing camels, i.e. Protomeryx of the Lower Miocene and Procamelus of the Upper Miocene were the main ancestors from which arose the modern camels."[7]
  • "During the deposition of the upper and Lower Harrison beds of Lower Miocene age there were probably no more abundant or varied groups of vertebrates in that region than the camels...In the Upper Harrison beds two species of Oxydactylus have been described..."[11]

Stenomylus in the Lower Miocene

  • "Stenomylus (Gazelle camel): They were found in western Nebraska, a fossil locality of Lower Miocene."[7]
  • "Stenomylus is limited to the lower part of the Miocene."[14]
  • "A very notable fossil locality in western Nebraska, of Lower Miocene age, has yielded a large number, some forty or more, of a slender camel-like form known as Stenomylus (Fig. 233), the gazelle-camel..."[15]

Aepycamelus in the Upper Miocene

  • "One of the more conspicuous is an amber-colored herbivore named Aepycamelus...It emphasized the "African" aspect of North America's Miocene plains, because its neck is so long that it might be a giraffe."[16]
  • "Aepycamelus, a Miocene beast with such long legs and neck that it has been nicknamed the 'giraffe camel'."[17]
  • "The antelope-camel Oxydactylus and the giraffe-camel Aepycamelus, both common in the middle and late Miocene savannas of North America..."[12]

Procamelus

  • "Of these grazing camels, i.e. Protomeryx' of the Lower Miocene and Procamelus of the Upper Miocene were the main ancestor s from which arose the modern camels...Procamelus: This belongs to the Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene..."[7]
  • "During the Middle and Late Miocene, the main line of camel development was typified by Procamelus."[17]
  • "By the apparent absence of the second premolar the specimens differ from the Miocene genus Procamelus and agree with Pliauchenia of the Pliocene."[18]

Pliauchenia in the Pliocene

  • "A species of large camelid from the Pliocene of southwestern Kansas, named Pliauchenia cochrani...has been considered ancestral to typical Pleistocene Camelops."[19]
  • "By the apparent absence of the second premolar the specimens differ from the Miocene genus Procamelus and agree with Pliauchenia of the Pliocene."[18]

Eschatius in the Pleistocene

  • "The Rancho La Brea specimens so far as known are clearly distinguished from the American Pleistocene species referred to the genera Eschatius and Camelus."[20]
  • "It appears from a careful examination of this material that the number of superior premolars in all of these Pleistocene cameloids, with the exception of Eschatius conidens, is uncertain."[21]

Camelops in the Pleistocene

  • A journal article has the title "A New Species of Camel (Genus Camelops) from the Pleistocene of Aguascalientes, Mexico".[22]
  • "Material identified only as Camelus sp. has been recorded from the Pleistocene (presumably Late Pleistocene)."[23]
  • "The most abundant herbivorous megafaunal taxa...whose data came from Faunmap records of fossil occurrences in the late Pleistocene) are in descending order: ... Camelops (camel)..."[24]

Camelus in the Pleistocene

  • "It lacks the early Pleistocene genera Elephas and Camelus, but the latter has thus far not been found in eastern deposits at all."[25]
  • "Camelus exited in eastern Africa in the middle of Pleistocene and as early as three million year ago."[26]
  • "Camelus...was present in Pleistocene North Africa and Asia."[27]
  • "The Rancho La Brea specimens so far as known are clearly distinguished from the American Pleistocene species referred to the genera Eschatius and Camelus."[20]

Reference list

  1. ↑ Protylopus Wortman 1898 (even-toed ungulate). Paleobiology Database. Retrieved on 12 December 2012.
  2. ↑ Protylopus. Reference.com. Dictionary.com, LLC. Retrieved on 12 December 2012.
  3. ↑ (1998) Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals, Evolution of tertiary mammals of North America, 1, Cambridge University Press, стр. 428 ISBN: ‪9780521355193‬.
  4. ↑ Paratylopus Matthew 1909 (camel). Paleobiology Database. Retrieved on 12 December 2012.
  5. ↑ Daly, Reginald A. (1921). "Post-Glacial Warping of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia". The American Journal of Science. Kline Geology Laboratory, Yale University.
  6. ↑ "Poebrotherium". North Dakota Geological Survey. North Dakota State Government. Archived from the original on 2012-07-25. Retrieved on 2012-12-13.
  7. ↑ a b c d Tomar; Singh Evolutionary Biology (8‑й ed.), стр. 334 ISBN: ‪9788171336395‬.
  8. ↑ Troxell, Edward L. "An Oligocene Camel, Poëbrotherium andersoni n. sp.". The American Journal of Science: 381. Kline Geology Laboratory.
  9. ↑ Kindersley, Dorling (2008) Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life (reprint ed.), Penguin, стр. 267 ISBN: ‪9780756682415‬.
  10. ↑ (29 March 1960). "Two new species of Oxydactylus from the middle Miocene Rosebud Formation in western South Dakota". American Museum Novitates. American Museum of Natural History.
  11. ↑ a b Loomis, F. B. (1911). "The Camels of the Harrison Beds, with Three New Species". The American Journal of Science: 65. Kline Geology Laboratory.
  12. ↑ a b (2003) ‪Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals‬, JHU Press, стр. 49 ISBN: ‪9780801871351‬.
  13. ↑ "Protomeryx" in (1895) The Century dictionary: an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language, 2, Category:New York: The Century co., стр. 4,798
  14. ↑ Troxell, Edward L. (1920). "A Tiny Oligocene Artiodactyl, Hypisodus alacer, sp. nov". The American Journal of Science: 392. Kline Geology Laboratory.
  15. ↑ Lull, Richard Swann (1920) "Camels" in Organic evolution, Macmillan, стр. 636
  16. ↑ Wallace, David Rains (2005) ‪Beasts of Eden: Walking Whales, Dawn Horses, And Other Enigmas of Mammal Evolution‬, University of California Press, стр. 123 ISBN: ‪9780520246843‬.
  17. ↑ a b (1989) ‪The Fossil Book: A Record of Prehistoric Life‬, Dover books on animals (2‑й ed.), Courier Dover Publications, стр. 560 ISBN: ‪9780486293714‬.
  18. ↑ a b Frick, Childs (1921) Extinct vertebrate faunas of the Badlands of Bautista Creek and San Timoteo Cañon, Southern California, University of California publications in geological sciences, 12, University of California Press, стр. 356
  19. ↑ Voorhies, M. R.; Corner, R. G. (7 March 1986). "Mammalia: Camelidae: a re-evaluation". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6 (1): 65–75. DOI:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011599.
  20. ↑ a b Merriam, John Campbell (1913) ‪The skull and dentition of a camel from the Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea‬, University of California publications in geological sciences, 7, University of California Press, стр. 317
  21. ↑ Wortman, J. L. (1908). ‪Pamphlets on Biology: Kofoid collection 3300: 129.
  22. ↑ Mooser (20 January 1975). "A New Species of Camel (Genus Camelops) from the Pleistocene of Aguascalientes, Mexico". The Southwestern Naturalist 19: 341–345.
  23. ↑ Holman, J. Alan (2001) ‪In Quest of Great Lakes Ice Age‬, ‪MSU Pres‬s, стр. 106 ISBN: ‪9780870135910‬.
  24. ↑ Haynes, Gary (2009) "Estimates of Clovis-Era Megafaunal Populations and Their Extinction Risks" in ‪American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene‬, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, Springer, стр. 47 ISBN: ‪9781402087936‬.
  25. ↑ Geological Survey (U.S.) (1909) ‪Bulletin – United States Geological Survey‬, The Survey, стр. 87
  26. ↑ "Camel, Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius)" in (1988) ‪East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa‬, 3 (reprint ed.), University of Chicago Press, № B: Large Mammals , стр. 281 ISBN: ‪9780226437224‬.
  27. ↑ Finlayson, Clive (2004) ‪Neanderthals and Modern Humans: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective‬, Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology, 38, Cambridge University Press, стр. 25 ISBN: ‪9780521820875‬.

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