English: About 97.2% of foods contained phosphorus. On the basis of the proposed method, the average (%) of foods containing appropriate phosphorus levels in food groups was 39.68%, of which 33.53% was the average of phosphorus source (good source of phosphorus) foods, and 6.15% was the average of high phosphorus (excellent source of phosphorus) foods. Finfish and shellfish products with 91.7%, pork products with 87.43%, beef products with 85.7%, lamb, veal, and game products with 83.77%, poultry products with 82.08%, fast foods with 61.42%, dairy and egg products with 60.36%, restaurant foods with 58.7%, legumes and legume products with 53.02%, American Indian/Alaska Native foods with 51.54%, and nut and seed products with 48.15% had the highest averages of foods containing appropriate phosphorus levels. Foods containing appropriate phosphorus levels were not found in two food groups (fats and oils; spices and herbs) and were very few in two food groups (fruits and fruit juices; vegetables and vegetable products).

The highest amounts of phosphorus were found in breakfast cereal (made with bran, germ, or whole grain containing an appropriate phosphorus level), thymus, cheese sauce (phosphorus-fortified), hemp seeds, cuttlefish, lamb sweetbread, carp, liver (except lingcod liver and seal liver), pancreas, New England clam chowder, sardine, brain, nutrition shake (phosphorus-fortified), spleen, pumpkin and squash seed kernels, scallop (bay and sea), puddings prepared with milk (phosphorus-fortified), protein shake (phosphorus-fortified), sunflower seed kernels, pancakes, sheepshead, goose meat, quail meat, squab meat, kidney, sheefish, pork ham, waffles, whey protein powder isolate, salmon, pork tenderloin, blackfish, Pacific cod, whitefish, pheasant meat, cheese product (phosphorus-fortified), tuna, trout, sheep milk, biscuits, pork top loin chops, Florida pompano, sea lion heart, clam, dove meat, swordfish, cow milk, cheese spread (phosphorus-fortified), oat bran muffins, sea lion meat, flatfish, American shad, pork sirloin, seatrout, goat milk, emu meat, king mackerel, ocean perch, shrimp, butterfish, whale meat, seal meat, beef top round steak, beaver meat, Atlantic herring, kefir, wild catfish, chia seeds, lamb testes, jack mackerel, smelt, cottonseed meal, ruffed grouse meat, rice bran, and malted milk drink (phosphorus-fortified).

Suggested citation: Forouzesh, Abed; Forouzesh, Fatemeh; Samadi Foroushani, Sadegh; Forouzesh, Abolfazl. A new method for calculating phosphorus content and determining appropriate phosphorus levels in foods. SSRN 2022. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4133515