English: Title: Bulletin

Identifier: bulletin3011907smit Year: 1901 (1900s) Authors: Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology Subjects: Ethnology Publisher: Washington : G. P. O. Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries Digitizing Sponsor: Smithsonian Libraries

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Text Appearing Before Image: BULL. 30] IOWA 613 enemies of the Iowa, nevertheless the name Nadoessi Mascoiiteins seems to have been applied to the Iowa by the early missionaries because of their relations for a time with the Sioux. Pere Andre thus designated them in 1676, when they were living 200 leagues w. of Green Bay, Wis. Perrot (Mem., 63, 1864) apparently locat- ed them in the vicinity of the Pawnee, on the plains, in 1685. Father Zenobius (1680) placed the Anthoutantas (Oto) and Nadouessious Maskoutens (Iowa) about 130 leagues from the Illinois, in 3 great villages built near a river which empties into the river Colbert (Missis- sippi) on the w. side, above the Illinois, almost opposite the mouth of the Wis- consin. He appears to locate a part of the Ainoves (perhaps intended for Aioiies), on the w. side of Milwaukee r., in Wis- consin. On JNIarquette's map (1674-79) the Pahoutet (Iowa), the Otontanta (.Oto), and INIaha (Omaha) are placed on Mis- souri r., evidently by mere guess. La Salle knew of the Oto and the Iowa, and in his letter in regard to Hennepin, Aug. 22,1682, mentions them under the names Otoutanta and Aiounouea, but his state- ment that Accault, one of his company, knew the languages of these triljes is doubtful. It is probable that in 1700, when Le Sueur furnished them with their first firearms, the Iowa resided on the extreme headwaters of Des Moines r., but it appears from this explorer's jour- nal that they and the Oto removed and "established themselves toward the Mis- souri river, near the Maha." Jefferys (Fr. Dom. in Am., 1761) placed them on the E. side of the Missouri, w. of the sources of Des Moines r., above the Oto, who were on the w. side of the JNIissouri and below the Omaha; but in the text of his work thev are located on the Mis- sissippi in lat. 43° 30^ In 1804, accord- ing to Lewis and Clark (Orig. Jour., vr, 91-92, 1905), they occupied a single vil- lage of 200 warriors or 800 souls, 18 leagues up Platte r., on the s. e. side, although they formerly lived on the Mis- souri alcove the Platte. They conducted traffic with traders from St Louis at their posts on Platte and Grand Nemaha r., as well as at the Iowa village, the chief trade being skins of beaver, otter, raccoon, deer, and bear. They also cultivated corn, beans, etc. In 1829 (Rep. Sec. War) they were on Platte r., Iowa., 15 m. from the Missouri state line. Schoolcraft (1853) placed them on Nemaha r., Nebr., a mile above its mouth. By 1880 they were brought under the agencies. The visiting and marriage customs of the Iowa did not differ t'rom those of cognate tribes, nor was their management of children unlike that of the Dakota, the Omaha, and others. They appear to have been cultivators of the soil at an early date, as Le Sueur tried to persuade them to fix their village near Ft L'Huillier because they were "indus- trious and accustomed to cultivate the earth." Pike says that they cultivated corn, but proportionately not so much as the Sauk and Foxes. He also aflirmg that the Iowa were less civilized than the latter. Father Andre (Jes. Rel., 1676, Thwaites ed., lx, 203, 1900) says that al- though their village was very large, they were poor, their greatest wealth consist- ing of "ox-hides and red calumets," in- dicatingthat the Iowa early manufactured and traded catlinite pipes. Some small mounds in Minnesota and Iowa have been ascribed to them by two distinct traditions.

Text Appearing After Image: IOWA. (david tohee In 1824 they ceded all their lands in Missouri, and in 1836 were assigned a reservation in n. e. Kansas, from which a part of the tribe moved later to another tract in central Oklahoma, which by agreement in 1890 was allotted to them in severalty, the surplus acreage being opened to settlement by whites. Various estimates of the population of the Iowa at different dates are as follows: In 1760, 1,100 souls; by Lewis and Clark in 1804, 800, smallpox having carried off 100 men besides women and children in 1803; the Secretary of War gives the num- ber in 1829 as 1,000; Catlin in 1832 at about 1,40 >, but in 1836 at 992; the In- dian Affairs Report of 1843 gives their number as 470; the number at the Pota- watomi and Great Nemaha agencv in

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