Identifier: conquestofnature00will (find matches)
Title: The conquest of nature
Year: 1911 (1910s)
Authors: Williams, Henry Smith, 1863- Williams, Edward Huntington, 1868-1944, joint author
Subjects: Industrial arts Machinery
Publisher: New York and London, The Goodhue company
Contributing Library: The Library of Congress
Digitizing Sponsor: The Library of Congress

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use throughout the world. Such loco-motives range in size from two to twenty tons, withwheel gauges from a foot and a half wide to the stand-ard railway gauge of four feet, eight and a half inches.Locomotives weighing more than twenty tons arenot in general use on account of the small size of themine entrances. In the ordinary types the motorman sits in front,controlling the locomotive with levers and mechanicalbrakes placed within easy reach, but sunk as low aspossible. As a rule, the motors are geared to the truck ;axles, either inside or outside the locomotive frame.An overhead copper wire supplies the current by con-tact with a grooved trolley wheel mounted on the endof the regulation trolley pole. An electric headlightis used, and the ordinary speed attained by the com-pact motors is from six to ten miles an hour. The amount of work that can be performed by oneof these little, flat, box-like locomotives is entirely outof proportion to its size. A lo-ton locomotive in a i (258) i
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W M^ THE MINERAL DEPTHS Pennsylvania mine hauled about 150,000 tons of coalin a year at a cost of less than one-tenth of a cent perton for repairs. The usual train was made up ofthirty-five cars, each loaded with about 3,700 poundsof coal, which was hauled up a three-per-cent grade.The cost of such haulage was only about 2.76 centsper ton, as against 7.15 cents when hauled by mule-power. These figures may be considered represent-ative, as other mines show similar results. A particular advantage has been gained by the useof electric locomotives over older methods in the proc-ess of ^^gathering the cars. In many coal mines,even when the main hauling is done by electricity,the gathering or collecting of cars from the workingfaces of the rooms was formerly done either by mule-power or by hand. In some low-veined mines, handpower alone was used, on account of the low roof. In such places, low, compressed-air locomotives weresometimes used; but these were very expensive.These have now been

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