CYP3A4: различия между версиями

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Шаблон:Technical Шаблон:PBB Цитохром P450 3A4 (сокращённо CYP3A4) (Шаблон:EC номер), участник цитохром P450 mixed-function oxidase system, один из наиболее важных ферментов, участвующих в метаболизме ксенобиотиков в организме человека. CYP3A4 is involved in the oxidation of the largest range of substrates of all the CYPs. As a result, CYP3A4 is present in the largest quantity of all the CYPs in the liver. У людей белок CYP3A4 кодируется геном CYP3A4.[1] This gene is part of a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome 7q21.1.[2]

Function

CYP3A4 is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, and its expression is induced by glucocorticoids and some pharmacological agents. This enzyme is involved in the metabolism of approximately half the drugs that are used today, including acetaminophen, codeine, ciclosporin (cyclosporin), diazepam, and erythromycin. The enzyme also metabolizes some steroids and carcinogens.[3] Most drugs undergo deactivation by CYP3A4, either directly or by facilitated excretion from the body. Also, many substances are bioactivated by CYP3A4 to form their active compounds, and many protoxins being toxicated into their toxic forms (for examples - see table below).

Tissue distribution

Fetuses do not express CYP3A4 in their liver tissue, but rather CYP3A7 (Шифр КФ 1.14.14.1), which acts on a similar range of substrates. CYP3A4 is absent in fetal liver but increases to approximately 40% of adult levels in the fourth month of life and 72% at 12 months.[4][5]

Although CYP3A4 is predominantly found in the liver, it is also present in other organs and tissues of the body, where it may play an important role in metabolism. CYP3A4 in the intestine plays an important role in the metabolism of certain drugs. Often this allows prodrugs to be activated and absorbed - as in the case of the histamine H1-receptor antagonist terfenadine.

Recently CYP3A4 has also been identified in the brain, however its role in the central nervous system is still unknown.[6]

Variability

While over 28 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in the CYP3A4 gene, it has been found that this does not translate into significant interindividual variability in vivo. It can be supposed that this may be due to the induction of CYP3A4 on exposure to substrates.

Variability in CYP3A4 function can be determined noninvasively by the erythromycin breath test (ERMBT). The ERMBT estimates in vivo CYP3A4 activity by measuring the radiolabelled carbon dioxide exhaled after an intravenous dose of (14C-N-methyl)-erythromycin.[7]

Induction

CYP3A4 is induced by a wide variety of ligands. These ligands bind to the pregnane X receptor (PXR). The activated PXR complex forms a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), which binds to the XREM region of the CYP3A4 gene. XREM is a regulatory region of the CYP3A4 gene, and binding causes a cooperative interaction with proximal promoter regions of the gene, resulting in increased transcription and expression of CYP3A4.

Turnover

Estimates of the turnover rate of human CYP3A4 vary widely. For hepatic CYP3A4, in vivo methods yield estimates of enzyme half-life mainly in the range of 70 to 140 hours, whereas in vitro methods give estimates from 26 to 79 hours.[8] Turnover of gut CYP3A4 is likely to be a function of the rate of enterocyte renewal; an indirect approach based on recovery of activity following exposure to grapefruit juice yields measurements in the 12 to 33 hour range.[8]

CYP3A4 ligands

Following is a table of selected substrates, inducers and inhibitors of CYP3A4. Where classes of agents are listed, there may be exceptions within the class.

Inhibitors of CYP3A4 can be classified by their potency, such as:

  • Strong inhibitor being one that causes at least a 5-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or more than 80% decrease in clearance.[9]
  • Moderate inhibitor being one that causes at least a 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 50-80% decrease in clearance.[9]
  • Weak inhibitor being one that causes at least a 1.25-fold but less than 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 20-50% decrease in clearance.[9]
Selected inducers, inhibitors and substrates of CYP3A4[10]
Substrates Inhibitors Inducers
(not azithromycin)[9]
(not pravastatin)[9]
(not rosuvastatin)[9]
 strong:


moderate

weak:

unspecified potency:

Interactive pathway map

Шаблон:IrinotecanPathway WP229

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hashimoto H, Toide K, Kitamura R, Fujita M, Tagawa S, Itoh S, Kamataki T (1993). "Gene structure of CYP3A4, an adult-specific form of cytochrome P450 in human livers, and its transcriptional control". Eur. J. Biochem. 218 (2): 585—95. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18412.x. PMID 8269949. {{cite journal}}: Неизвестный параметр |month= игнорируется (справка)Википедия:Обслуживание CS1 (множественные имена: authors list) (ссылка)
  2. ↑ Inoue K, Inazawa J, Nakagawa H, Shimada T, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Abe T (1992). "Assignment of the human cytochrome P-450 nifedipine oxidase gene (CYP3A4) to chromosome 7 at band q22.1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization". Jpn. J. Hum. Genet. 37 (2): 133—8. doi:10.1007/BF01899734. PMID 1391968. {{cite journal}}: Неизвестный параметр |month= игнорируется (справка)Википедия:Обслуживание CS1 (множественные имена: authors list) (ссылка)
  3. ↑ Entrez Gene: cytochrome P450.
  4. ↑ Johnson TN, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Tucker GT (2006). "Prediction of the clearance of eleven drugs and associated variability in neonates, infants and children". Clin Pharmacokinet. 45 (9): 931—56. doi:10.2165/00003088-200645090-00005. PMID 16928154.{{cite journal}}: Википедия:Обслуживание CS1 (множественные имена: authors list) (ссылка)
  5. ↑ Johnson TN, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A (2008). "Development of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in the first year of life". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 83 (5): 670—1. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100327. PMID 18043691. {{cite journal}}: Неизвестный параметр |month= игнорируется (справка)Википедия:Обслуживание CS1 (множественные имена: authors list) (ссылка)
  6. ↑ Robertson G, Field J, Goodwin B, Bierach S, Tran M, Lehnert A, Liddle C (2003). "Transgenic mouse models of human CYP3A4 gene regulation". Mol Pharmacol. 64 (1): 42—50. doi:10.1124/mol.64.1.42. PMID 12815159.{{cite journal}}: Википедия:Обслуживание CS1 (множественные имена: authors list) (ссылка)
  7. ↑ Watkins P (1994). "Noninvasive tests of CYP3A enzymes". Pharmacogenetics. 4 (4): 171—84. doi:10.1097/00008571-199408000-00001. PMID 7987401.
  8. ↑ 1 2 Yang, J. (2008-06-01). "Cytochrome P450 turnover: regulation of synthesis and degradation, methods for determining rates, and implications for the prediction of drug interactions". Current Drug Metabolism. 9 (5). Bentham: 384—393. doi:10.2174/138920008784746382. PMID 18537575. Дата обращения: 20 декабря 2010. {{cite journal}}: Неизвестный параметр |coauthors= игнорируется (|author= предлагается) (справка)
  9. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Retrieved on December 25, 2008.
  10. ↑ Where classes of agents are listed, there may be exceptions within the class
  11. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 FASS (drug formulary): Swedish environmental classification of pharmaceuticals Facts for prescribers (Fakta för förskrivare). Retrieved July 2011
  12. ↑ Erlotinib. — «Metabolized primarily by CYP3A4 and, to a lesser degree, by CYP1A2 and the extrahepatic isoform CYP1A1».
  13. ↑ Druglib.com
  14. ↑ 1 2 Cockshott I. D. Bicalutamide: clinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism. (англ.) // Clinical Pharmacokinetics. — 2004. — Vol. 43, no. 13. — P. 855—878. — doi:10.2165/00003088-200443130-00003. — PMID 15509184. [исправить]
  15. ↑ Matsumoto S, Yamazoe Y (2001). "Involvement of multiple human cytochromes P450 in the liver microsomal metabolism of astemizole and a comparison with terfenadine". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 51 (2): 133—42. PMC 2014443. PMID 11259984. {{cite journal}}: Неизвестный параметр |month= игнорируется (справка)
  16. ↑ doi:10.1097/01.fpc.0000054071.64000.bd
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  17. ↑ Lau W. C., Waskell L. A., Watkins P. B., Neer C. J., Horowitz K., Hopp A. S., Tait A. R., Carville D. G., Guyer K. E., Bates E. R. Atorvastatin reduces the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation: a new drug-drug interaction. (англ.) // Circulation. — 2003. — 7 January (vol. 107, no. 1). — P. 32—37. — doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000047060.60595.cc. — PMID 12515739. [исправить]
  18. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rod Flower; Humphrey P. Rang; Maureen M. Dale; Ritter, James M. Rang & Dale's pharmacology. — Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 2007. — ISBN 0-443-06911-5.
  19. ↑ Park JY, Kim KA, Kim SL (2003). "Chloramphenicol Is a Potent Inhibitor of Cytochrome P450 Isoforms CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in Human Liver Microsomes". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47 (11): 3464—9. doi:10.1128/AAC.47.11.3464-3469.2003. PMC 253795. PMID 14576103. {{cite journal}}: Неизвестный параметр |month= игнорируется (справка)Википедия:Обслуживание CS1 (множественные имена: authors list) (ссылка)
  20. ↑ Zhang W, Ramamoorthy Y, Tyndale RF, Sellers EM (2003). "Interaction of buprenorphine and its metabolite norbuprenorphine with cytochromes P450 in vitro". Drug Metab. Dispos. 31 (6): 768—72. doi:10.1124/dmd.31.6.768. PMID 12756210. {{cite journal}}: Неизвестный параметр |month= игнорируется (справка)Википедия:Обслуживание CS1 (множественные имена: authors list) (ссылка)
  21. ↑ http://www.aapsj.org/abstracts/AM_2009/AAPS2009-001235.PDF
  22. ↑ 1 2 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have been shown to both induce and inhibit CYP3A4.
  23. ↑ Hidaka M, Fujita K, Ogikubo T; et al. (2004). "Potent inhibition by star fruit of human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) activity". Drug Metab. Dispos. 32 (6): 581—3. doi:10.1124/dmd.32.6.581. PMID 15155547. {{cite journal}}: Неизвестный параметр |month= игнорируется (справка); Явное указание et al. в: |author= (справка)Википедия:Обслуживание CS1 (множественные имена: authors list) (ссылка)
  24. ↑ HCVadvocate.org
  25. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19883715
  26. ↑ Ginko Biloba has been shown to contain the potent inhibitor amentoflavone.
  27. ↑ Si D, Wang Y, Zhou YH, Guo Y, Wang J, Zhou H, Li ZS, Fawcett JP (2009). "Mechanism of CYP2C9 inhibition by flavones and flavonols". Drug Metab. Dispos. 37 (3): 629—34. doi:10.1124/dmd.108.023416. PMID 19074529. {{cite journal}}: Неизвестный параметр |month= игнорируется (справка)Википедия:Обслуживание CS1 (множественные имена: authors list) (ссылка)

External links

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Шаблон:Oxygenases Шаблон:Cytochrome P450

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Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CYP3A4&oldid=43561711