Крёбер, Алфред
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Альфред Луис Крёбер, нем. Alfred Louis Kroeber (11 июня 1876, Хобокен, Нью-Джерси—5 октября 1960) — один из наиболее крупных американских антропологов в первой половине 20 в..
Родился в семье немецких эмигрантов. В возрасте 16 лет поступил в Колумбийский колледж (Columbia College), получил степень бакалавра по специальности «английский язык» в 1896 г. и магистра искусств по специальности «романтическая драма» в 1897 г. Научным руководителем его докторской диссертации, защищённой в 1901 г., был Франц Боас (Колумбийский университе. Диссертация была посвящена декоративному символизму по результатам его полевой работы в племени арапахо — это была первая докторская диссертация по антропологии, получившая награду Колумбийского университета.
He spent most of his career in California, primarily at the University of California, Berkeley where he worked as both a Professor of Anthropology and the Director of what was then The University of California Museum of Anthropology (now the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology). The anthropology department’s headquarters building at the University of California is known as Kroeber Hall. He was associated with Berkeley until his retirement in 1946.
Although he is known primarily as a cultural anthropologist, he did significant work in archaeology, and he contributed to anthropology by making connections between archaeology and culture. He conducted excavations in New Mexico, Mexico, and Peru. Kroeber and his students did important work collecting cultural data on western tribes of Native Americans. The work done in preserving information about California tribes appeared in Handbook of Indians of California (1925). These efforts to preserve remaining data on these tribes has been termed «Salvage ethnography.» He is credited with developing the concepts of Culture Area and Culture Configuration (Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America, 1939).
Его влияние на науку было настолько сильным, что многие современники adopted his style of beard and mustache as well as his views as a social scientist. During his lifetime, he was known as the «Dean of American anthropologists». His anthropological paradigms have introduced the word Kroeberian into the English language. Kroeber and Roland Dixon were very influential in the genetic classification of Native American languages in North America, being responsible for groupings such as Penutian and Hokan. He is noted for working with Ishi, who was claimed (though not uncontroversially) to be the last California Yahi Indian. His second wife, Theodora Kroeber, wrote a well-known biography of Ishi, Ishi in Two Worlds. Kroeber’s relationship with Ishi was made into a film The Last of His Tribe (1992), starring Jon Voigt as Kroeber. His textbook, Anthropology (1923, 1948), was widely used for years, and was one of ten books required for all students during their first year at Columbia in the late 1940s.
Дети — учёный Карл Крёбер и писательница-фантаст Урсула Ле Гуин от жены во втором браке, Теодоры. Он также усыновил двух детей Теодоры от первого брака, Теда и Клифтона (второй позднее стал известным историком). Clifton and Karl recently (2003) edited a book together on the Ishi case, Ishi in Three Centuries. This is the first scholarly book on Ishi to contain essays by Indians.
Сокращённый перечень сочинений
- Indian Myths of South Central California (1907), in University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4:167-250. Berkeley (Six Rumsien Costanoan myths, pp. 199—202); online at Sacred Texts.
- The Religion of the Indians of California (1907), in University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4:6. Berkeley, sections titled «Shamanism», «Public Ceremonies», «Ceremonial Structures and Paraphernalia», and «Mythology and Beliefs»; available at Sacred Texts
- Handbook of the Indians of California (1925). Washington, D.C: Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78
- Anthropology: Culture Patterns & Processes (1963). Harcourt: Brace & World, Inc.
Литература
- Darnell, Regna. Invisible Genealogies: A History of Americanist Anthropology. — Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 2001. — ISBN 0-8032-1710-2.
- Kroeber, Theodora. Alfred Kroeber; A Personal Configuration. — Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press, 1970. — ISBN 0-520-03720-0.
- Wolf, Eric R.. Alfred L. Kroeber // Totems and Teachers: Key Figures in the History of Anthropology / Sydel Silverman (ed.). — 2nd edition. — Walnut Creek, CA : AltaMira Press, 2004. — P. pp.27-50. — ISBN 0-7591-0459-X.