Медаль Копли

Медаль Копли
Copley Medal
Страна	Великобритания
Награда за	за выдающиеся достижения в научных исследованиях
Учредитель	Лондонское королевское общество
Основание	1731
Сайт	royalsociety.org/… (англ.)
Медиафайлы на Викискладе

Медаль Копли (англ. Copley Medal) — старейшая и наиболее престижная награда Лондонского королевского общества, старейшая из присуждаемых в мире в настоящее время научных наград. Присуждается ежегодно за выдающиеся достижения в научных исследованиях, тематика которых чередуется в нечётные и чётные годы соответственно между областями физических и биологических наук, при этом награждаются не только физики и биологи, но и химики, геологи, математики, медики и другие. Лауреату вручаются медаль и денежная премия в 25 000 фунтов стерлингов. Среди удостоившихся медали Копли — Альберт Эйнштейн и Чарльз Дарвин.

История

Медаль учредил сэр Годфри Копли (1653—1709), богатый землевладелец, любитель науки и член Королевского общества. В своём завещании он распорядился учредить фонд, проценты с которого должны ежегодно направляться, по усмотрению Королевского общества, на поощрение научной деятельности. Кроме медали, лауреат получал денежную премию в размере 100 фунтов.

Первую премию получил в 1731 году Стивен Грей, за открытие передачи электричества на расстояние. Вторая премия (1732) досталась ему же. С тех пор премия, за редким исключением, присуждалась каждый год; среди её лауреатов 60 обладателей Нобелевской премии (18 — по физике, 17 — по химии, 25 — по медицине).

Список лауреатов

Значком помечены лауреаты премии Копли, одновременно являющиеся Нобелевскими лауреатами.

XVIII век

Список награждённых Медалью Копли
Год	Лауреат	Обоснование награды
1731	Стивен Грей	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his new Electrical Experiments: — as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge
1732	Стивен Грей	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the Experiments he made for the year 1732
1733	Медаль не присуждалась
1734	Джон Теофил Дезагюлье	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society
1735	Медаль не присуждалась
1736	Джон Теофил Дезагюлье	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his experiments made during the year
1737	Джон Белчер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour
1738	Джеймс Валуэ	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society
1739	Стивен Хейлс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea
1740	Александер Стюарт	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein
1741	Джон Теофил Дезагюлье	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year
1742	Кристофер Мидлтон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay
1743	Авраам Тремблей	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Experiments on the Polypus
1744	Генри Бейкер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum
1745	Уильям Уотсон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments
1746	Бенджамин Робинс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles
1747	Гоуин Найт	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets
1748	Джеймс Брэдли	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion
1749	Джон Гаррисон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time
1750	Джордж Эдвардс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. — containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents, Fishes, and Insects
1751	Джон Кэнтон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones
1752	Джон Прингл	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society
1753	Бенджамин Франклин	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of his curious Experiments and Observations on Electricity
1754	Уильям Льюис	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: — which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials
1755	Джон Хаксем	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society
1756	Медаль не присуждалась
1757	Чарльз Кэвендиш	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer
1758	Джон Доллонд	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society
1759	Смитон, Джон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills
1760	Бенджамин Вильсон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year
1761	Медаль не присуждалась
1762	Медаль не присуждалась
1763	Медаль не присуждалась
1764	Джон Кэнтон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his very ingenious and elegant Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids
1765	Медаль не присуждалась
1766	William Brownrigg	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit
	Edward Delaval	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations
	Генри Кавендиш	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air
1767	Джон Эллис	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands
1768	Питер Вулф	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances
1769	Уильям Хьюсон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, — and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish
1770	Уильям Гамильтон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna
1771	Мэтью Рэйпер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money
1772	Джозеф Пристли	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations
1773	Джон Уолш	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Paper on the Torpedo
1774	Медаль не присуждалась
1775	Невил Маскелайн	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, — on Schehallien
1776	Джеймс Кук	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public
1777	Джон Мадж	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form
1778	Чарльз Хаттон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments
1779	Медаль не присуждалась
1780	Сэмюэль Винс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions
1781	Уильям Гершель	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this star has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the most diligent researches of other observers
1782	Ричард Кёруэн	Оригинальный текст (англ.) As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. For his chemical analyses of Salts
1783	Джон Гудрайк	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol
	Thomas Hutchins	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation
1784	Эдуард Уоринг	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series
1785	Уильям Рой	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath
1786	Медаль не присуждалась
1787	Джон Хантер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his three Papers, — On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787
1788	Чарльз Блэгден	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions
1789	Уильям Морган	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions
1790	Медаль не присуждалась
1791	Реннел, Джеймс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions
	Делюк, Жан Андре	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Improvements in Hygrometry
1792	Бенджамин Румфорд	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat
1793	Медаль не присуждалась
1794	Алессандро Вольта	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani
1795	Джесси Рамсден	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates
1796	Джордж Атвуд	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies
1797	Медаль не присуждалась
1798	Джордж Шакбург-Эвелин	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions
	Чарльз Хэтчетт	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions
1799	Джон Хеллинз	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers
1800	Эдвард Чарльз Говард	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury

XIX век

Список награждённых Медалью Копли
Год	Лауреат	Обоснование награды
1801	Эстли Купер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Papers — on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness
1802	Уильям Хайд Волластон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions
1803	Ричард Ченевикс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions
1804	Смитсон Теннант	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions
1805	Гемфри Дэви	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions
1806	Томас Эндрю Найт	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions
1807	Эверард Хом	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions
1808	Уильям Генри	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions
1809	Эдвард Траутон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions
1810	Медаль не присуждалась
1811	Бенджамин Коллинз Броуди	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons
1812	Медаль не присуждалась
1813	Уильям Томас Брэнди	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions
1814	Джеймс Айвори	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions
1815	Дэвид Брюстер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies
1816	Медаль не присуждалась
1817	Генри Кэтер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Experiments on the Pendulum
1818	Роберт Сеппингс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions
1819	Медаль не присуждалась
1820	Ганс Христиан Эрстед	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries
1821	Эдвард Сэбин	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions
	Джон Гершель	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions
1822	Уильям Баклэнд	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale
1823	Джон Понд	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various Communications to the Royal Society
1824	Джон Бринкли	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various Communications to the Royal Society
1825	Доминик Франсуа Араго	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree
	Питер Барлоу	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism
1826	Джеймс Саут	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions
1827	Уильям Праут	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Paper entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general.
	Henry Foster	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his magnetic and other observations made during the Arctic expedition to Port Bowen «.»
1828	Медаль не присуждалась
1829	Медаль не присуждалась
1830	Медаль не присуждалась
1831	Джордж Биддель Эйри	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, — On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
1832	Майкл Фарадей	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year «.»
	Симеон Дени Пуассон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire «.»
1833	Медаль не присуждалась
1834	Джованни Антонио Амедео Плана	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune
1835	Уильям Сноу Харрис	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834
1836	Йёнс Якоб Берцелиус	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works
	Francis Kiernan	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833
1837	Антуан Сезар Беккерель	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires
	Джон Фредерик Даниель	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836
1838	Карл Фридрих Гаусс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism
	Майкл Фарадей	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches in specific electrical induction
1839	Роберт Броун	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation
1840	Юстус Либих	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals
	Жак Шарль Франсуа Штурм	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques», published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835
1841	Георг Симон Ом	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet
1842	Мак-Куллах, Джеймс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy
1843	Жан Батист Дюма	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements
1844	Карло Маттеуччи	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various researches in animal electricity
1845	Теодор Шванн	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Bflanzen
1846	Урбен Леверрье	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation
1847	Джон Гершель	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825
1848	Джон Куч Адамс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto
1849	Родерик Импи Мурчисон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains
1850	Петер Андреас Ганзен	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches in physical astronomy
1851	Ричард Оуэн	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works
1852	Александр фон Гумбольдт	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years
1853	Генрих Вильгельм Дове	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth
1854	Иоганн Петер Мюллер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin
1855	Жан Бернар Леон Фуко	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various researches in experimental physics
1856	Анри Мильн-Эдвардс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology
1857	Мишель Эжен Шеврёль	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, and for his researches on the contrast of coulours
1858	Чарлз Лайель	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology
1859	Вильгельм Эдуард Вебер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics
1860	Роберт Вильгельм Бунзен	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches
1861	Жан Луи Родольф Агассис	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse
1862	Томас Грэм	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861
1863	Адам Седжвик	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire
1864	Чарльз Дарвин	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology
1865	Мишель Шаль	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his historical and original researches in pure geometry
1866	Юлиус Плюккер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis
1867	Карл Эрнст фон Бэр	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology
1868	Чарльз Уитстон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism
1869	Анри Виктор Реньо	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaries au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours
1870	Джеймс Прескотт Джоуль	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat
1871	Юлиус Роберт Майер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: — 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat
1872	Фридрих Вёлер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones
1873	Герман Гельмгольц	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches in physics and physiology
1874	Луи Пастер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine
1875	Август Вильгельм Гофман	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia
1876	Клод Бернар	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology
1877	Джеймс Дуайт Дана	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published
1878	Жан Батист Буссенго	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry
1879	Рудольф Юлиус Эммануэль Клаузиус	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his well-known researches upon heat
1880	Джеймс Джозеф Сильвестр	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics
1881	Шарль Адольф Вюрц	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry
1882	Артур Кэли	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics
1883	Уильям Томсон (лорд Кельвин)	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics
1884	Карл Фридрих Вильгельм Людвиг	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science
1885	Фридрих Август Кекуле	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches in organic chemistry
1886:	Франц Эрнст Нейман	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics
1887	Джозеф Долтон Гукер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller
1888	Томас Генри Хаксли	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years
1889	Джордж Сальмон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author
1890	Саймон Ньюком	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy
1891	Станислао Канниццаро	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory
1892	Рудольф Вирхов	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology
1893	Джордж Габриель Стокс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches and discoveries in physical science
1894	Эдуард Франкленд	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry
1895	Карл Вейерштрасс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his investigations in pure mathematics
1896	Карл Гегенбаур	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc
1897	Альберт Кёлликер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist
1898	Уильям Хаггинс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies
1899	Джон Уильям Стретт (лорд Рэлей)	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his contributions to physical science
1900	Марселен Бертло	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his brilliant services to chemical science

XX век

Список награждённых Медалью Копли
Год	Лауреат	Обоснование награды
1901	Джозайя Уиллард Гиббс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his contributions to mathematical physics
1902	Джозеф Листер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery
1903	Эдуард Зюсс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'
1904	Уильям Крукс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects
1905	Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his contributions to chemical and physical science
1906	Илья Ильич Мечников	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology
1907	Альберт Абрахам Майкельсон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On the ground of his investigations in optics
1908	Альфред Рассел Уоллес	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection
1909	Джордж Уильям Хилл	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy
1910	Фрэнсис Гальтон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On the ground of his researches in heredity
1911	Джордж Говард Дарвин	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects
1912	Феликс Клейн	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On the ground of his researches in mathematics
1913	Эдвин Рей Ланкестер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him
1914	Джозеф Джон Томсон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On the ground of his discoveries in physical science
1915	Иван Петрович Павлов	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system
1916	Джеймс Дьюар	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases
1917	Пьер Поль Эмиль Ру	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy
1918	Хендрик Антон Лоренц	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics
1919	Уильям Мэддок Бейлисс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics
1920	Хорас Тэбберер Браун	Оригинальный текст (англ.) On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c
1921	Джозеф Лармор	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches in mathematical physics
1922	Эрнест Резерфорд	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure
1923	Гораций Лэмб	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his researches in mathematical physics
1924	Эдвард Альберт Шарпи-Шейфер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences
1925	Альберт Эйнштейн	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory
1926	Фредерик Гоуленд Хопкинс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry
1927	Чарльз Скотт Шеррингтон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his distinguished work on neurology
1928	Чарлз Алджернон Парсонс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his contributions to engineering science
1929	Макс Планк	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory
1930	Уильям Генри Брэгг	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity
1931	Шустер, Артур	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism
1932	Джордж Эллери Хейл	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory
1933	Теобальд Смит	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man
1934	Джон Скотт Холдейн	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering
1935	Чарлз Томсон Риз Вильсон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties
1936	Артур Эванс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age
1937	Генри Дейл	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems
1938	Нильс Бор	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure
1939	Томас Хант Морган	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution
1940	Поль Ланжевен	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics
1941	Томас Льюис	«За клинические и экспериментальные исследования сердца млекопитающих»
1942	Роберт Робинсон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry
1943	Джозеф Баркрофт	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood
1944	Джефри Инграм Тейлор	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications
1945	Освальд Эвери	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases
1946	Эдгар Дуглас Эдриан	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions
1947	Годфри Харолд Харди	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years
1948	Арчибалд Хилл	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues
1949	Дьёрдь де Хевеши	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes
1950	Джеймс Чедвик	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron
1951	Дэвид Кейлин	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes
1952	Поль Дирак	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics
1953	Альберт Клайвер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology
1954	Эдмунд Тейлор Уиттекер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics
1955	Рональд Эйлмер Фишер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology
1956	Патрик Мейнард Стюарт Блэкетт	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism
1957	Хоуард Уолтер Флори	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine
1958	Джон Идензор Литлвуд	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations
1959	Фрэнк Макфарлейн Бёрнет	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology
1960	Гарольд Джеффри	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy
1961	Ханс Адольф Кребс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles
1962	Сирил Норман Хиншелвуд	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy
1963	Пол Филдс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology
1964	Сидни Чепмен	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis
1965	Алан Ходжкин	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology
1966	Уильям Лоренс Брэгг	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction
1967	Бернард Кац	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction
1968	Тадеуш Рейхштейн	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids
1969	Питер Брайан Медавар	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance
1970	Александер Роберт Тодд	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types
1971	Норман Пири	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses
1972	Невилл Франсис Мотт	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics
1973	Эндрю Филдинг Хаксли	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction
1974	Вильям Воланс Дуглас Ходж	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals
1975	Фрэнсис Крик	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology
1976:	Дороти Кроуфут-Ходжкин	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin
1977	Фредерик Сенгер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids
1978	Роберт Бёрнс Вудворд	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry
1979	Макс Фердинанд Перуц	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject
1980	Дерек Харолд Ричард Бартон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and, in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry
1981	Питер Деннис Митчелл	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction
1982	Джон Уоркап Корнфорт	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules
1983	Родни Портер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins
1984	Субраманьян Чандрасекар	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity
1985	Аарон Клуг	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them
1986	Рудольф Эрнст Пайерлс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials
1987	Робин Хилл	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis
1988	Майкл Фрэнсис Атья	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics
1989	Сезар Мильштейн	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response
1990	Абдус Салам	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces
1991	Сидней Бреннер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project
1992	Джордж Портер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology
1993	Джеймс Уотсон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome
1994	Фредерик Чарльз Фрэнк	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems
1995	Фрэнк Феннер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease
1996	Алан Коттрелл	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects
1997	Хью Хаксли	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology
1998	Джеймс Лайтхилл	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics — analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying — and internal bio-fluid-dynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing
1999	Джон Мейнард Смит	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth
2000	Алан Раштон Баттерсби	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin B12

XXI век

Список награждённых Медалью Копли
Год	Лауреат	Обоснование награды
2001	Жак Миллер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells
2002	Джон Попл	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology
2003	Джон Гёрдон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology
2004	Харольд Крото	Оригинальный текст (англ.) In recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science
2005	Пол Нерс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division
2006	Стивен Хокинг	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology
2007	Роберт Мэй	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance
2008	Роджер Пенроуз	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang
2009	Мартин Эванс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics
2010	Дэвид Кокс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics
	Томас Линдаль	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair
2011	Дэн МакКензи	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates
2012	Джон Эрнст Уокер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his ground-breaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion
2013	Андрей Гейм	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his numerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures
2014	Алек Джеффрис	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his pioneering work on variation and mutation in the human genome
2015	Питер Хиггс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his fundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider
2016	Ричард Хендерсон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his fundamental and revolutionary contributions to the development of electron microscopy of biological materials, enabling their atomic structures to be deduced
2017	Эндрю Джон Уайлс	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his beautiful and unexpected proof of Fermat's Last Theorem which is one of the most important mathematical achievements of the 20th century
2018	Джеффри Айван Гордон	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his contributions to understanding the role of gut microbial communities to human health and disease

Ссылки

• Официальная страница медали
• Copley archive winners 1799—1731  (неопр.). The Royal Society. Дата обращения: 6 февраля 2010. Архивировано из оригинала 27 марта 2012 года. (англ.)
• Copley archive winners 1899—1800  (неопр.). The Royal Society. Дата обращения: 6 февраля 2010. Архивировано из оригинала 19 марта 2012 года. (англ.)
• Copley archive winners 1989—1900  (неопр.). The Royal Society. Дата обращения: 6 февраля 2010. Архивировано из оригинала 27 марта 2012 года. (англ.)
• Copley recent winners: 1900—present  (неопр.). The Royal Society. Дата обращения: 6 февраля 2010. Архивировано из оригинала 27 марта 2012 года. (англ.)
• Первоначальный вид медали (1737)  (неопр.). Дата обращения: 10 сентября 2017. Архивировано 17 июня 2012 года. (англ.)
• Современный вид  (неопр.). Дата обращения: 10 сентября 2017. Архивировано 22 ноября 2013 года. (англ.)