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'''Косметика''' (от {{lang-el|κοςμητική}} — искусство украшать) — учение о средствах и методах улучшения внешности. В настоящее время - также комплекс технологий и препаратов для обеспечения здоровья кожи, волос и ногтей. [[Парфюмерия]] тесно связана с косметикой, но в настоящее время, она рассматривается как независимая сфера деятельности.
'''Косметика''' (от {{lang-el|κοςμητική}} — искусство украшать) — учение о средствах и методах улучшения внешности. В настоящее время - также комплекс технологий и препаратов для обеспечения здоровья кожи, волос и ногтей. [[Парфюмерия]] тесно связана с косметикой, но в настоящее время она рассматривается как независимая сфера деятельности.
*Иногда, в переносном смысле, косметикой называют собственно [[косметические препараты]] (кремы, помады, мази, шампуни, лаки и т.п.), применяемые для осуществления косметических процедур.
*Иногда, в переносном смысле, косметикой называют собственно [[косметические препараты]] (кремы, помады, мази, шампуни, лаки и т.п.), применяемые для осуществления косметических процедур.

[[Image:Cosmetics.JPG|thumb|Assorted cosmetics and tools]]
'''Cosmetics''' ({{Audio|En-us-cosmetic.ogg|pronunciation: cosmetic}}) are substances used to enhance or protect the appearance or [[odor]] of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care [[creams]], [[lotion]]s, [[powders]], [[perfumes]], [[lipstick]]s, fingernail and toenail polishes, [[eye]] and facial [[makeup]], permanent waves, [[hair]] colors, hair sprays and [[gels]], [[deodorants]], baby products, bath oils, [[bubble bath]]s, [[bath salts]], [[butters]] and many other types of products. Their use is widespread, especially among women in [[Western]] countries. A subset of cosmetics is called "make-up," which refers primarily to colored products intended to alter the user’s appearance. The manufacture of cosmetics is currently dominated by a small number of [[multinational corporations]] that originated in the early [[20th century]], but the distribution and sale of cosmetics is spread among a wide range of different businesses. The U.S. [[FDA]] which regulates cosmetics in the [[United States]]<ref name=USHealthandHuman/> defines cosmetics as: "intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions." This broad definition includes, as well, any material intended for use as a [[component]] of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes [[soap]] from this particular category.<ref>Lewis, Carol. FDA. "Clearing up Cosmetic Confusion." 2000. May 14, 2007. [http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1998/398_cosm.html]</ref>

==History==
[[Image:Lautrec woman at her toilette 1889.jpg|thumb|right|An 1889 [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]] painting of a woman applying cosmetics to her face]]

{{Main|History of cosmetics}}

The first [[archaeological]] evidence of cosmetics usage is found in [[Ancient Egypt]] around [[4000 BC]]. The [[Ancient Greek]]s and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] also used cosmetics. The [[ancient Rome|Romans]] and [[Ancient Egyptians]] used cosmetics containing poisonous [[mercury (element)|mercury]] and often [[lead]]. The Biblical book of [[Esther]] describes various beauty treatments.

In the western world, the advent of cosmetics was in the [[middle ages]], although typically restricted to use within the [[upper classes]].

Cosmetic use was frowned upon at some points in history. For example, in the [[19th century|1800s]], make-up was used primarily by [[prostitutes]], and [[Queen Victoria]] publicly declared makeup improper, [[vulgar]], and acceptable only for use by [[actors]].<ref name=CEN/> [[Adolf Hitler]] told women that face painting was for [[clowns]] and not for the women of the [[Master Race]].

By the middle of the 20th century, cosmetics were in widespread use in nearly all [[societies]] around the [[world]].

Cosmetics have been in use for thousands of years. The absence of [[regulation]] of the manufacture and use of cosmetics has led to negative [[side effects]], [[deformities]], [[blindness]], and even [[death]] through the ages. Examples of this were the prevalent use of [[ceruse]], or white lead, to cover the face during the [[Renaissance]], and blindness caused by the [[mascara]] Lash Lure during the early [[1900s]].

==Industry Today==
The worldwide annual [[expenditure]]s for cosmetics is estimated at U.S. $18 billion.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=As Consumerism Spreads, Earth Suffers, Study Says | date= | publisher= | url =http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0111_040112_consumerism_2.html | work =[[National Geographic]] | pages =2 | accessdate = 2007-08-21 | language = }}</ref> Of the major firms, the oldest and the largest is [[L'Oréal]], which was founded by [[Eugene Schueller]] in [[1909]] as the French Harmless Hair Colouring Company (now owned by [[Liliane Bettencourt]] 27.5% and [[Nestlé]] 26.4%, with the remaining 46.1% are publicly traded). The market was developed in the USA during the [[1910s]] by [[Elizabeth Arden]], [[Helena Rubinstein]], and [[Max Factor]]. These firms were joined by [[Revlon]] just before [[World War II]] and [[Estée Lauder Inc.|Estée Lauder]] just after.

Like most [[industry]], cosmetic companies resist regulation by [[government]] agencies like the FDA, and have [[lobby|lobbied]] against this throughout the years.

==Criticism and controversy==
During the 20th century, the popularity of cosmetics increased rapidly. Especially in the United States, cosmetics are used by girls at an increasingly young age. Many companies have catered to this expanding market by introducing more flavored lipsticks and glosses, cosmetics packaged in glittery, sparkly packaging and marketing and advertising using young [[model (person)|models]]. The social consequences of younger and younger [[beautification]] has had much attention in the [[News media|media]] over the last few years.

[[Criticism]] of cosmetics has come from a variety of sources, including [[feminist]]s, [[Animal rights#History of the modern movement|animal rights activists]], [[The Beauty Myth|books]], and public interest groups. There is a growing awareness and preference for cosmetics that are without any [[toxic]] ingredients, especially those derived from [[petroleum]], [[Sodium lauryl sulfate|SLS]], and [[paraben]]s.<ref name="Safety_First">
{{cite news
|first=
|last=
|title=Signers of the Compact for Safe Cosmetics
|url=http://www.safecosmetics.org/companies/signers.cfm
|work=
|publisher=[[Campaign for Safe Cosmetics]]
|date=
|accessdate=2007-07-05
|quote=}}</ref>

Numerous published reports have raised concern over the safety of a few [[surfactants]]. SLS causes a number of skin issues including [[dermatitis]].<ref name="Agner_T">Agner T. Susceptibility of atopic dermatitis patients to irritant dermatitis caused by sodium lauryl sulphate. ''Acta Derm Venereol.'' 1991;71(4):296-300. PMID 1681644</ref><ref name="A._Nassif_1994">A. Nassif, S. C. Chan, F. J. Storrs and J. M. Hanifin. Abstract: Abnormal skin irritancy in atopic dermatitis and in atopy without dermatitis. ''Arch Dermatol.'' November 1994;130(11):1402. [http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/130/11/1402 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Marrakchi_S">Marrakchi S, Maibach HI. Sodium lauryl sulfate-induced irritation in the human face: regional and age-related differences. ''Skin Pharmacol Physiol.'' 2006;19(3):177-80. Epub 2006 May 4. PMID 16679819</ref><ref name="Final_Report_SLS">CIR publication. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate. ''Journal of the American College of Toxicology.'' 1983 Vol. 2 (No. 7) pages 127-181.</ref><ref name="Loffler_H">Loffler H, Effendy I. Skin susceptibility of atopic individuals. Department of Dermatology, University of Marburg, Germany. ''Contact Dermatitis.'' 1999 May;40(5):239-42. PMID 10344477</ref>

[[Parabens]] can cause skin irritation and [[contact dermatitis]] in individuals with paraben [[allergies]], a small percentage of the general population.<ref>Nagel JE, Fuscaldo JT, Fireman P. Paraben allergy. ''JAMA''. 1977, Apr 11; 237(15):1594-5. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=576658&dopt=Citation Abstract]</ref> Animal experiments have shown that parabens have a weak [[estrogen]]ic activity, acting as [[xenoestrogen]]s.<ref name=byfordetal>Byford JR, Shaw LE, Drew MG, Pope GS, Sauer MJ, Darbre PD. Oestrogenic activity of parabens in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. ''J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.'' 2002 Jan;80(1):49-60. PMID 11867263</ref>

Prolonged use of makeup has also been linked to thinning eyelashes<ref>Towards Beautiful Eyes &ndash; Solutions for Thinning Lashes and Dark Patches, Kamau Austin.</ref>

[[Perfume|Synthetic fragrances]] are widely used in consumers products. Studies concluded from patch testing show synthetic [[fragrances]] are made of many [[allergen|allergic reaction ingredients]].<ref name="Synthetic_Fragrances">
{{cite news
|first=
|last=
|title=Patch testing with fragrances: results of a multicenter study of the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group with 48 frequently used constituents of perfumes
|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8565489&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus
|work=
|publisher=Contact Dermatitis
|date=November 1995
|accessdate=2007-07-05
|quote=}}</ref>

{{see|Skin Deep (EWG)}}, [[Environmental Working Group]], [[Campaign for Safe Cosmetics]], and [[California Safe Cosmetics Act of 2005]].

==Makeup Types==
* Lipstick, [[lip gloss]], lip liner, [[lip plumper]], [[lip balm]], lip luster, lip conditioner and lip boosters.<ref name=USHealthandHuman>Reed, Sandra I. US Department of Health and Human Services. "Cosmetics and Your Health." 2004. May 14, 2007. [http://www.4woman.gov/faq/cosmetics.htm]</ref>
* [[Foundation (cosmetics)|Foundation]], used to color the [[face]] and conceal flaws to produce an impression of health and youth. Usually a liquid, cream, powder or mousse.<ref name=USHealthandHuman/>
* [[Face powder|Powder]], or face illuminator used to set the foundation, giving a [[matte]] finish.
* [[Rouge (cosmetics)|Rouge, blush or blusher]], cheek stain used to color the [[cheeks]] and emphasize the [[cheekbones]]. This comes in powder, cream and gel forms.<ref name=USHealthandHuman/>
* Bronzer, used to create a more [[tan]]ned or sun-kissed look.<ref name=USHealthandHuman/>
* [[Mascara]] and lash extender, lash conditioner used to enhance the [[eyelash]]es. Can be of different colors and even [[waterproof]]. <ref name=USHealthandHuman/>
* [[Eye liner]] and [[eye shadow]], eye shimmer and glitter eye pencils as well as different color pencils used to color and emphasize the [[eye]]lids (larger eyes are a sign of youth).<ref name=USHealthandHuman/>
* [[Eyebrow]] pencils, creams, [[wax]]es, gels and powders are used to fill in and define the brows.<ref name=USHealthandHuman/>
* [[Nail polish]], used to color the [[finger]]nails and [[toe]]nails.<ref name=USHealthandHuman/>
* [[Concealer]], a type of thick opaque makeup used to cover [[pimples]], various spots and inconsistencies in the skin.<ref name=USHealthandHuman/>

Also included in the general category of cosmetics are skin care products. These include creams and lotions to moisturize the face and body, [[sunscreen]]s to protect the skin from damaging [[UV radiation]], and treatment products to repair or hide skin imperfections ([[Acne vulgaris|acne]], [[wrinkles]], dark circles under eyes, etc.).
Cosmetics can also be described by the form of the product, as well as the area for application.
Cosmetics can be liquid or cream [[emulsions]]; powders, both pressed and loose; dispersions; and [[anhydrous]] creams or sticks.

==Special Effects==
[[Image:Cosmetic Contact Lenses.JPG|thumb|Cosmetic contact lenses]]
In addition to over-the-counter cosmetic products, recent years have seen an increasing market for [[prescription]] or [[surgical]] cosmetic procedures. These range from temporary enhancements, such as cosmetic colored [[contact lens]]es, to major [[cosmetic surgery]].

Many techniques, such as [[microdermabrasion]] and physical or [[chemical peels]], remove the oldest, top layers of skin [[cells]]. The younger layers of skin left behind appear more plump, youthful, and soft. Permanent application of pigments (tattooing) is also used cosmetically.

==Ingredients==
{{main|Ingredients of cosmetics}}
[[Image:Jim Brochu.jpg|thumb|[[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] actor Jim Brochu applies make-up before the opening night of a play.]]
[[Image:Pre-wedding make-up.jpg|thumb|right|[[Eye shadow]] being applied]]

While there is assurance from the largest cosmetic companies that their various ingredients are safe, there is a growing preference for cosmetics that are without any "synthetic" ingredients, especially those derived from petroleum. Once a [[niche market]], [[certified organic]] products are becoming more [[mainstream]].

Ingredients' listings in cosmetics are highly regulated in many countries. The [[Animal_testing#Cosmetics_testing|testing of cosmetic products on animals]] is a subject of some controversy. It is now illegal in the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[Belgium]], and a [[ban]] across the [[European Union]] is due to come into effect in [[2009]].

==See also==
*[[Animal testing#Cosmetics testing|Testing cosmetics on animals]]
*[[Body art]]
*[[Cosmeceutical]]
*[[Cosmetic surgery]]
*[[Henna]]
*[[Permanent makeup]]
*[[Society of Cosmetic Chemists]]
*[[Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association]]
*[[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]]

==References==
<references/>

== Further reading ==

*{{cite book|last=Winter|first=Ruth|authorlink=|title=A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients in Cosmetics (Paperback)|origyear=[[2005]]|publisher=Three Rivers Press|location=[[United States|USA]]|language=[[English language|English]]|id=ISBN 1400052335}}

*{{cite book|last=Begoun|first=Paula|authorlink=|title=Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me(Paperback)|origyear=[[2003]]|publisher=Beginning Press|location=[[United States|USA]]|language=[[English language|English]]|id=ISBN 1877988308}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ewegotit.com/beauty.htm Beauty Trends]
*[http://www.bl.uk/collections/business/cosmetic.html The British Library - finding information on the cosmetics and toiletries industry]
*[http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/person/cosmet/hotlist-liste_e.html List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients (Health Canada)]
*[http://fashion-forum.org/forum/index.php?c=3 Beauty & Cosmetics Forum]
*[http://www.thecosmeticsforum.com/ Cosmetics Discussion Forum]
*[http://www.ctpa.org.uk/ CTPA The UK trade Association]


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{{Косметика}}
{{Косметика}}




[[Категория:Косметика|*]]
[[Категория:Косметика|*]]
[[Category:История косметики]]


[[ca:Cosmètic]]
[[ca:Cosmètic]]

Версия от 18:55, 8 ноября 2007

Шаблон:Inuse Косметика (от греч. κοςμητική — искусство украшать) — учение о средствах и методах улучшения внешности. В настоящее время - также комплекс технологий и препаратов для обеспечения здоровья кожи, волос и ногтей. Парфюмерия тесно связана с косметикой, но в настоящее время она рассматривается как независимая сфера деятельности.

  • Иногда, в переносном смысле, косметикой называют собственно косметические препараты (кремы, помады, мази, шампуни, лаки и т.п.), применяемые для осуществления косметических процедур.
Assorted cosmetics and tools

Cosmetics (pronunciation: cosmeticо файле) are substances used to enhance or protect the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toenail polishes, eye and facial makeup, permanent waves, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, baby products, bath oils, bubble baths, bath salts, butters and many other types of products. Their use is widespread, especially among women in Western countries. A subset of cosmetics is called "make-up," which refers primarily to colored products intended to alter the user’s appearance. The manufacture of cosmetics is currently dominated by a small number of multinational corporations that originated in the early 20th century, but the distribution and sale of cosmetics is spread among a wide range of different businesses. The U.S. FDA which regulates cosmetics in the United States[1] defines cosmetics as: "intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions." This broad definition includes, as well, any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes soap from this particular category.[2]

History

An 1889 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec painting of a woman applying cosmetics to her face

The first archaeological evidence of cosmetics usage is found in Ancient Egypt around 4000 BC. The Ancient Greeks and Romans also used cosmetics. The Romans and Ancient Egyptians used cosmetics containing poisonous mercury and often lead. The Biblical book of Esther describes various beauty treatments.

In the western world, the advent of cosmetics was in the middle ages, although typically restricted to use within the upper classes.

Cosmetic use was frowned upon at some points in history. For example, in the 1800s, make-up was used primarily by prostitutes, and Queen Victoria publicly declared makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors.[3] Adolf Hitler told women that face painting was for clowns and not for the women of the Master Race.

By the middle of the 20th century, cosmetics were in widespread use in nearly all societies around the world.

Cosmetics have been in use for thousands of years. The absence of regulation of the manufacture and use of cosmetics has led to negative side effects, deformities, blindness, and even death through the ages. Examples of this were the prevalent use of ceruse, or white lead, to cover the face during the Renaissance, and blindness caused by the mascara Lash Lure during the early 1900s.

Industry Today

The worldwide annual expenditures for cosmetics is estimated at U.S. $18 billion.[4] Of the major firms, the oldest and the largest is L'Oréal, which was founded by Eugene Schueller in 1909 as the French Harmless Hair Colouring Company (now owned by Liliane Bettencourt 27.5% and Nestlé 26.4%, with the remaining 46.1% are publicly traded). The market was developed in the USA during the 1910s by Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and Max Factor. These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II and Estée Lauder just after.

Like most industry, cosmetic companies resist regulation by government agencies like the FDA, and have lobbied against this throughout the years.

Criticism and controversy

During the 20th century, the popularity of cosmetics increased rapidly. Especially in the United States, cosmetics are used by girls at an increasingly young age. Many companies have catered to this expanding market by introducing more flavored lipsticks and glosses, cosmetics packaged in glittery, sparkly packaging and marketing and advertising using young models. The social consequences of younger and younger beautification has had much attention in the media over the last few years.

Criticism of cosmetics has come from a variety of sources, including feminists, animal rights activists, books, and public interest groups. There is a growing awareness and preference for cosmetics that are without any toxic ingredients, especially those derived from petroleum, SLS, and parabens.[5]

Numerous published reports have raised concern over the safety of a few surfactants. SLS causes a number of skin issues including dermatitis.[6][7][8][9][10]

Parabens can cause skin irritation and contact dermatitis in individuals with paraben allergies, a small percentage of the general population.[11] Animal experiments have shown that parabens have a weak estrogenic activity, acting as xenoestrogens.[12]

Prolonged use of makeup has also been linked to thinning eyelashes[13]

Synthetic fragrances are widely used in consumers products. Studies concluded from patch testing show synthetic fragrances are made of many allergic reaction ingredients.[14]

, Environmental Working Group, Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, and California Safe Cosmetics Act of 2005.

Makeup Types

Also included in the general category of cosmetics are skin care products. These include creams and lotions to moisturize the face and body, sunscreens to protect the skin from damaging UV radiation, and treatment products to repair or hide skin imperfections (acne, wrinkles, dark circles under eyes, etc.). Cosmetics can also be described by the form of the product, as well as the area for application. Cosmetics can be liquid or cream emulsions; powders, both pressed and loose; dispersions; and anhydrous creams or sticks.

Special Effects

Cosmetic contact lenses

In addition to over-the-counter cosmetic products, recent years have seen an increasing market for prescription or surgical cosmetic procedures. These range from temporary enhancements, such as cosmetic colored contact lenses, to major cosmetic surgery.

Many techniques, such as microdermabrasion and physical or chemical peels, remove the oldest, top layers of skin cells. The younger layers of skin left behind appear more plump, youthful, and soft. Permanent application of pigments (tattooing) is also used cosmetically.

Ingredients

Broadway actor Jim Brochu applies make-up before the opening night of a play.
Eye shadow being applied

While there is assurance from the largest cosmetic companies that their various ingredients are safe, there is a growing preference for cosmetics that are without any "synthetic" ingredients, especially those derived from petroleum. Once a niche market, certified organic products are becoming more mainstream.

Ingredients' listings in cosmetics are highly regulated in many countries. The testing of cosmetic products on animals is a subject of some controversy. It is now illegal in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Belgium, and a ban across the European Union is due to come into effect in 2009.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Reed, Sandra I. US Department of Health and Human Services. "Cosmetics and Your Health." 2004. May 14, 2007. [1]
  2. Lewis, Carol. FDA. "Clearing up Cosmetic Confusion." 2000. May 14, 2007. [2]
  3. Ошибка в сносках?: Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок CEN не указан текст
  4. "As Consumerism Spreads, Earth Suffers, Study Says". National Geographic. p. 2. Дата обращения: 21 августа 2007. {{cite news}}: Шаблон цитирования имеет пустые неизвестные параметры: |coauthors= (справка)
  5. "Signers of the Compact for Safe Cosmetics". Campaign for Safe Cosmetics. Дата обращения: 5 июля 2007.
  6. Agner T. Susceptibility of atopic dermatitis patients to irritant dermatitis caused by sodium lauryl sulphate. Acta Derm Venereol. 1991;71(4):296-300. PMID 1681644
  7. A. Nassif, S. C. Chan, F. J. Storrs and J. M. Hanifin. Abstract: Abnormal skin irritancy in atopic dermatitis and in atopy without dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. November 1994;130(11):1402. Abstract
  8. Marrakchi S, Maibach HI. Sodium lauryl sulfate-induced irritation in the human face: regional and age-related differences. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;19(3):177-80. Epub 2006 May 4. PMID 16679819
  9. CIR publication. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate. Journal of the American College of Toxicology. 1983 Vol. 2 (No. 7) pages 127-181.
  10. Loffler H, Effendy I. Skin susceptibility of atopic individuals. Department of Dermatology, University of Marburg, Germany. Contact Dermatitis. 1999 May;40(5):239-42. PMID 10344477
  11. Nagel JE, Fuscaldo JT, Fireman P. Paraben allergy. JAMA. 1977, Apr 11; 237(15):1594-5. Abstract
  12. Byford JR, Shaw LE, Drew MG, Pope GS, Sauer MJ, Darbre PD. Oestrogenic activity of parabens in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2002 Jan;80(1):49-60. PMID 11867263
  13. Towards Beautiful Eyes – Solutions for Thinning Lashes and Dark Patches, Kamau Austin.
  14. "Patch testing with fragrances: results of a multicenter study of the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group with 48 frequently used constituents of perfumes". Contact Dermatitis. November 1995. Дата обращения: 5 июля 2007.

Further reading

  • Winter, Ruth. A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients in Cosmetics (Paperback) : []. — USA : Three Rivers Press. — ISBN ISBN 1400052335.
  • Begoun, Paula. Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me(Paperback) : []. — USA : Beginning Press. — ISBN ISBN 1877988308.

История

Древний мир

Народы древних цивилизаций украшали тело, подкрашивая щёки и ресницы, веки, они выбриввали или завивали волосы, ароматизировали волосы и тело, используя благовония, делали татуировки. Гален разработал «охлаждающую мазь» (жирный крем), который является одним из прототипов кольд-крема.

Становление научной косметики

Начало научной эпохи в косметике принято относить к XIX веке. В понятие «Косметика» стали включать процедуры для лечения заболеваний кожи, профилактику и устранение косметических её дефектов, уход за кожей лица, шеи, волосистой части головы, рук и ног. Постепенно косметика разделилась на лечебную и декоративную. Это обстоятельство очень важно, так как связано с переделом финансовых потоков - всякое заверение о лечебном эффекте должно быть подтверждено (подробнее см. ниже, раздел Законодательное регулирование).

Врачебная косметика

наука о методах профилактики и лечения заболеваний и косметических недостатков кожи, волос, а также уход за ногтями и полостью рта в соответствии с современными достижениями медицинской науки.

Делится на консервативную (гигиеническую, или профилактическую), лечебную и хирургическую. Используя гигиенические средства (вода, мыло, лосьоны, кремы, пудры, зубные пасты, косметические процедуры), гигиеническая косметика борется с проявлениями старения (морщины, увядание кожи). К косметическим процедурам относятся маски, чистка лица, массажи, паровые ванны, парафиновые аппликации, орошение лица паром (вапозон), дарсонвализация. В задачи лечебной косметики входит лечение заболеваний кожи лица и волос: себореи, угрей, выпадения волос, облысения, нарушения пигментации кожи, гипертрихоза, доброкачественных новообразований кожи (родинки, бородавки, папилломы и др.), веснушек, морщин. Кроме того, широко используются физические методы лечения: диатермокоагуляция, дермабразия, криотерапия.

Сущность косметической хирургии (хирургическая косметика) состоит в оперативном устранении различных деформаций носа, губ, ушных раковин, удалении родинок, татуировок, а также избытков кожи лица (морщины лба, верхних и нижних век, подбородка, шеи). К хирургической косметике относятся операции удаления избытка жира на животе, бедрах, изменений формы молочных желёз и др.

Декоративная косметика

Задачи декоративной косметики — косметическими средствами сделать менее заметными или скрыть некоторые дефекты внешности или оттенить отдельные черты лица. К декоративной косметике относятся также причёски, специальный уход за ногтями (маникюр, педикюр). По назначению косметические средства разделяют на гигиенические, лечебные, профилактические и декоративные.

Косметические средства

К гигиеническим, профилактическим и лечебным относят косметические средства по уходу за зубами (зубные пасты, порошки), ртом (жидкость для полоскания рта), кожей лица, головы и тела (кремы, лосьоны, мыла, тальки,молочко), средства от пота (дезадарирующие крема, тальк и др., освежающие лосьоны), к средствам декоративной косметики — пудры, губные помады, блески, грим, карандаши для бровей, век, пасты для ресниц, румяна, лаки для ногтей и волос, краски и восстановители для волос(маски,бальзамы) бриолины.

Косметические кремы и лосьоны выпускаются с учётом состояния жирности кожи (нормальная,комбинированная, жирная и сухая) и имеют различный состав и назначение (питательные, смягчающие, очищающие,омолаживающие,увлажняющие,отбеливающие, защитные). В состав многих кремов и лосьонов входят биологически активные вещества (витамины, гормоны, аминокислоты, экстракты трав), которые стимулируют процессы обмена в клетках кожи; кроме того, при изготовлении косметических средств используют и др. добавки специального назначения (ароматизаторы, дезинфицирующие и дезодорирующие вещества).

Наиболее распространённым гигиеническим косметическим средством является туалетное мыло. Некоторые компоненты мыла (ланолин, спермацет, глицерин и др.), уменьшают его обезжиривающее действие, предохраняют кожу от раздражения, смягчают её.

Законодательное регулирование

В настоящее время законодательство жёстко регламентирует многие стороны косметической и парфюмерной отрасли. В США проблемы безопасности косметических средств, лекарственных препаратов и пищевых продуктов рассматриваются и контролируются единой государственной организацией - FDA. Косметические средства проходят проверку в институтах, лабораториях и клиниках, допускаются к производству и продаже разрешения Минздрава РФ.


Косметика двойного назначения

Использование косметических средств не ограничевается строгим соблюдением инструкции производителя, поэтому многие знают что:

  • старым (просроченным) кремом можно чистить обувь;
  • лаком для ногтей, подкрашивают сколы на автомобиле или используют для украшения самодельных игрушек и украшений;
  • лаком для волос, покрывают картины для защиты или подкрашивают различные поверхности (Лак для волос - нестандартные способы использования).

Литература

  • Косметические операции лица, М., 1965
  • Кольгуненко И. И., Косметика для всех, М., 1965
  • Справочник по косметике, под ред. М. А. Розентула, М., 1964;

Ссылки


Косметика — статья из Большой советской энциклопедии